Comparative Factorial Ecology: Some New Zealand Examples

Abstract

The use of factorial ecology in the analysis of residential differentiation is illustrated by data on the four main urban areas in New Zealand and by some historical data on Auckland. The article concludes by examining some of the implications of factorial ecology for urban theory. Recent community analyses have indicated a renewed interest in one of the chief concerns of the early human ecologists: the effects and implications of residential differentiation and segregation. A notable aspect of the trend has been the application of factor-analytic methods to data generated for urban sub-communities(1). Analyses of census tract or enumeration district data in several North American, Scandinavian, and Australasian cities have shown that much of the detailed variation in the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the urban population may be expressed in terms of a small number of underlying factors relating to social rank, style of life or family type and, in ethnically heterogeneous populations, ethnic composition. Beshers (1962) suggests that the axes of differentiation are so clear that virtually any form of analysis will reveal their existence. Within the general pattern, however, it may be anticipated that local and regional differences in socio-cultural, economic, and political circumstances will result in variations in ecological structure. An attempt to delineate these variations is essential if the goal of developing a genuinely cross-cultural model of urban society is to be attained. It is in the pursuit of this end that the procedures of factorial ecology promise most. According to Sweetser (1965, p.219): “Modern factor analysis, using factor structure as a model for ecological structure, is the method par excellence for comparing cross-nationally (and intranationally) the ecological differentiation of residential areas in urban and metropolitan communities”. In the present example data from New Zealand is used to examine the usefulness of the factorial ecology approach for comparative studies at both the inter-city and the temporal levels.