Abstract
An attempt has been made to evaluate the applicability of two constitutive models related to the dislocation-obstacle interactions for the description of stress-relaxation behaviour of E911 tempered martensitic steel. The first one is Feltham model (Model-I) and the Model-II proposed by Christopher and Choudhary is based on the sine hyperbolic kinetic rate formulation coupled with the evolution of internal stress. The physical constants associated with these models have been determined by the minimization of errors between experimental and predicted relaxation stress vs. hold time data for two different strain hold levels of 1.3 and 2.5% at 873 K for E911 steel. Model-II provides better prediction of stress-relaxation behaviour of the steel as compared to Model-I. In addition to prediction of relaxation stress vs. hold time data, Model-II can able to capture the evolution of internal stress, inter-barrier spacing and activation volume with the hold time. The predicted increase in inter-barrier spacing and activation volume with hold time indicated that substructural coarsening remains dominant in E911 steel under stress-relaxation conditions.
Highlights
9 % chromium tempered martensitic steels are favoured structural materials for high temperature heat exchanger applications in power generating industries
In addition to the Feltham model, the relationship recently proposed by Christopher and Choudhary [8] based on the sine hyperbolic kinetic rate formulation coupled with the evolution of internal stress has been employed to describe the stress-relaxation behaviour of materials
It is evident that Feltham relation [4] involving constancy in internal stress and activation volume is not applicable for describing the stress-relaxation behaviour of E911 steel
Summary
9 % chromium tempered martensitic steels are favoured structural materials for high temperature heat exchanger applications in power generating industries. In addition to the Feltham model, the relationship recently proposed by Christopher and Choudhary [8] based on the sine hyperbolic kinetic rate formulation coupled with the evolution of internal stress has been employed to describe the stress-relaxation behaviour of materials. The physical constants associated with these models have been determined by the minimization of errors between experimental and predicted relaxation stress vs hold time data for two different strain hold levels of 1.3 and 2.5% at 873 K for E911 steel. Among these two models, the appropriate relationship applicable for the E911 steel has been identified in this study. Eqn (4) is substituted in Eqn (3) and integration of Eqn (3) with appropriate boundary conditions is represented as r 0 exp
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