Abstract
Purpose: To compare the chemical constituents of essential oils extracted from fresh and dried leaves of Lippia javanica by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent-free microwave extraction methods (SFME), and evaluate their effects on Artemia salina.Methods: Oil was extracted from the fresh and dried leaves of Lippia javanica by HD and SFME methods, and assayed for chemical constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The oils were tested for hatchability and preliminary toxicity on Artemia salina for 72 h. The lethal concentration required to kill fifty percent of A. salina (LC50) was determined by Probit regression analysis.Results: Mesityl oxide was the most abundant compound in the essential oils. Mesityl oxide content of fresh and dried leaves extracted with HD was 25.33 and 29.83 %, respectively, while SFME method yielded 19.75 and 13.46 %, respectively. The average hatching success rate of the oil was 30 % success while lethality was 100 % after 72 h. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of fresh and dried leaves extracted by HD was 90.11 and 128.49 μg/mL, respectively, whereas SFME method resulted in LC50 of 96.52 and 101.13 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: The results show that the essential oil yield is not significantly affected by the extraction methods used. However, the hatchability and lethality of the oils varied with the extraction method usedKeywords: Artemia salina, Lippia javanica, Essential oil, Hydrodistillation, Solvent-free microwave extraction
Highlights
Lippia javanica (Burm f.) Spreng. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as lemon bush is indigenous to southern and tropical Africa [1]
Several authors have documented the chemical constituents of essential oils from leaves of L. javanica [1,3,6) but none has carried out a comparative evaluation of the composition of the essential oils from fresh and dried leaves of L. javanica using hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction methods and their activities on A. salina
The yield of the essential oils of the leaf part of this plant was higher with hydrodistillation method compared with solvent-free microwave extraction method
Summary
Lippia javanica (Burm f.) Spreng. (Verbenaceae), commonly known as lemon bush is indigenous to southern and tropical Africa [1]. This study compared constituents of the essential oils generated through hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave method of fresh and dried leaves and their toxicity on Artemia salina. This test was conducted to ascertain if essential oils from Lippia javanica leaves has the potential of hatching the eggs of Artemia salina. The test was performed to determine the effect of essential oil from fresh and dried leaves of L. javanica on brine shrimp nauplii. This was performed based on the method employed by Kayode and Afolayan [10] and Okoh and Afolayan [11] using brine shrimp eggs obtained from Ocean Star International, USA. Significance of difference was set at p < 0.05
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