Abstract
Background: Music interventions are promising therapies for the management of symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Globally, music interventions can be classified as active or receptive depending on the participation of the subjects. Active and receptive music tasks engage different brain areas that might result in distinctive clinical effects. This study aims to compare the clinical effects of two types of music interventions and a control activity. Methods: Ninety AD patients from six nursing homes participated in the study. Nursing homes were randomly and blindly assigned to receive either active music intervention, receptive music intervention, or the usual care. Effects on cognition, behaviour, daily living activities, and motor function were assessed. Results: Active music intervention improved cognition, behaviour, and functional state in a higher extent than both receptive music intervention and usual care. The effect size of active music intervention for cognitive deficits and behavioural symptoms was large (η2 = 0.62 and 0.61, respectively), while for functional state, it was small-to-medium sized (η2 = 0.18). Receptive music intervention had a stabilizing effect on behavioural symptoms compared to control intervention (mean change from baseline ± standard deviation = −0.76 ± 3.66 and 3.35 ± 3.29, respectively). In the active music intervention, the percentage of patients who showed improvement in cognitive deficits (85.7), behavioural symptoms (92.9), and functional state (46.4) was higher than in both receptive listening (11.8, 42.9, and 14.3, respectively) and control group (6.3, 12.2, and 17.1, respectively). Conclusions: Active music intervention is useful to improve symptoms of AD and should be prescribed as a complement to the usual treatment.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide [1]. This disease is characterized by a progressive cognitive impairment and behavioural symptoms that cause loss of functional abilities and high socio-economic costs [2]
This study aims to compare the effects of two types of group and preferred musicbased interventions with a control activity on cognition, behaviour, motor function, and abilities
The sample consisted of 90 AD residents
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide [1]. This disease is characterized by a progressive cognitive impairment and behavioural symptoms that cause loss of functional abilities and high socio-economic costs [2].Nowadays, pharmacological approaches are aimed to reverse neurotransmitter deficits and ameliorate AD symptoms [3]. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide [1]. This disease is characterized by a progressive cognitive impairment and behavioural symptoms that cause loss of functional abilities and high socio-economic costs [2]. Rehabilitation strategies are focused on maintaining patients’ cognitive, motor, and functional skills. The effectiveness of these interventions requires patients to be adequately engaged and motivated to participate in the tasks and activities [4]. Music might be used for rehabilitation purposes since it may change the activity of many brain structures (e.g., related to sensory-motor processing, motivation, affect, attention, and memory) and induce plastic changes in some brain networks [5,6].
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