Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the effects of virtual reality training (VRT) and sensory-motor training (SMT) in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and inflammatory biomarkers expression in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after the anterior cruciate ligament injury. Through a simple random sampling method, 60 eligible participants were allocated into VRT (n = 20), SMT (n = 20), and control groups (n = 20). They underwent training programs for 4 weeks. Clinical (pain intensity and functional disability) and biochemical (bone morphogenic proteins and inflammatory biomarkers) values were measured at baseline, after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 3 months follow up. Four weeks following training, the VRT group shows more significant changes in pain intensity and functional disability than SMT and control groups (P < 0.001). Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) measures such as BMP 2, 4, 6, and 7 don’t show any significant changes between the groups. But at the same time, the VRT group shows positive improvement in inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6) analysis than the other two groups (P < 0.001). Our study suggests that including virtual reality training in PTOA shows beneficial changes in pain, functional disability, and modification of inflammatory biomarkers than sensory-motor training, but at the same time it shows a negligible effect on bone morphogenic proteins.
Highlights
The objective of this study is to compare the effects of virtual reality training (VRT) and sensory-motor training (SMT) in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and inflammatory biomarkers expression in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after the anterior cruciate ligament injury
It is found that arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) in the quadriceps muscle following Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a major cause for knee P TOA8
Among eighty-six participants referred from local hospitals, N = 60 were eligible to participate in the study and allocated (n = 20) each to VRT, SMT, and control groups
Summary
The objective of this study is to compare the effects of virtual reality training (VRT) and sensory-motor training (SMT) in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and inflammatory biomarkers expression in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after the anterior cruciate ligament injury. Our study suggests that including virtual reality training in PTOA shows beneficial changes in pain, functional disability, and modification of inflammatory biomarkers than sensory-motor training, but at the same time it shows a negligible effect on bone morphogenic proteins. Recent studies observed that integrated rehabilitation training programs improve neuromuscular control, muscular symmetry, cartilage morphology and lower the levels of inflammatory reactions in patients with PTOA following ACL injury[13]. The aim of this study was to find and compare the effects of virtual reality training and sensory-motor training on bone morphogenetic proteins and inflammatory biomarkers expression in post-traumatic osteoarthritis after the ACL injury. The reports of this study would be helpful for the physical therapists to select a proper rehabilitation program and for the players to reduce the risk of PTOA and improve the prognosis
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