Abstract
Cell walls1 were the first structural cell elements observed in plant tissue (Hook 1665) and even gave rise to the term “cell” (from the latin cellula = chamber). When it became evident that only the cells of plants and fungi, but not those of animals, possess a rigid wall consisting of distinct polymers, namely cellulose and chitin, respectively, this property was considered as one of the important cytological criteria separating the animal and plant kingdoms. The occurrence of cell walls in bacteria, first demonstrated by plasmolysis and dyeing techniques, was an important argument for including these organisms in the plant rather than the animal kingdom.
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