Abstract
In this study, a total of four endophytic fungi have been isolated from Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) seeds growing in Egypt. The isolated fungi were identified morphologically and microscopically up to species to be; Alternaria pluriseptata, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus parasiticus and Eurotium pseudoglaucus. The extracts of the all identified fungi were screened biologically for antileukemic, cytotoxic, antimalarial, antileishmanial, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as for cannabinoid and opioid receptor binding affinities. All the examined fungal extracts showed good antileukemic activities with Ic50 values ranging from 0.025 to 0.8 µg/ml, while two of them showed cytotoxic activities against Pig kidney epithelial (LLC-PK1) cells. Two fungal extracts exhibited antimalarial activities, three showed antioxidant activities and two exhibited anti-inflammatory activities
Highlights
Endophytic fungi are defined as fungi that inhabit inside healthy plant tissues in their a part or whole life cycle without causing any apparent harm (Petrini, 1991; Schulz et al, 1999).The literal translation of the word endophyte is originated from the Greek words,endon meaning inside and phyton meaning plant (Jalgaonwala et al, 2017)
Several bioactive metabolites have been characterized from endophytic fungi over last years, and those isolated compounds found to be belong to diverse structural groups such as; alkaloids (Metwaly et al, 2015), isochromenes,(Metwaly, A.M. et al, 2014b) benzopyranones (Metwaly, A. et al, 2014), α-pyrones (Metwaly, A.M. et al, 2014a; Metwaly et al, 2017), steroids (Hussain et al, 2009), terpenoids (Bilal et al, 2018), peptides (Tawfike et al, 2018), polyketones (Zheng et al, 2018), quinones (Stierle and Stierle, 2015), phenolics(Das et al, 2018), xanthones (Li et al, 2016), isocoumarines (Orfali et al, 2015), perylene derivatives (Chagas et al, 2016), furandiones (Li et al, 2015) and butenolide derivatives (Guo et al, 2016)
A total of four endophytic fungal isolates were isolated on PDA from 20 seed segments of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) seeds growing in Egypt and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria pluriseptata and Eurotium pseudoglaucus (Fig. 1)
Summary
Endophytic fungi are defined as fungi that inhabit inside healthy plant tissues in their a part or whole life cycle without causing any apparent harm (Petrini, 1991; Schulz et al, 1999).The literal translation of the word endophyte is originated from the Greek words ,endon meaning inside and phyton meaning plant (Jalgaonwala et al, 2017). Secondary Assay; In the secondary antimalarial assay, samples dissolved to 20mg/mL (crude extracts and some column fractions) are tested at 47600, 15867, and 5289ng/mL and IC50s (test concentration in ng/mL that affords 50% inhibition of the protozoan relative to negative and positive controls) vs both the D6 and W2 strains are reported. Primary Screen; Crude extracts are initially tested at 50μg/mL in duplicate and percent inhibitions (% inh.) are calculated relative to negative and positive controls. Secondary Assay; In the Secondary Assay, samples dissolved to 20mg/mL (crude extracts and some column fractions) are tested at 200, 40, 8μg/mL and IC50s vs all 10 microbial strains are reported. Samples dissolved to 2mg/mL (pure compounds and some column fractions) are tested at 20, 4, 0.8μg/mL and IC50s vs all 10 microbial strains are reported. The test have been done using a 96-well format as described in the scientific literature (Bradford, 1976; Kumarihamy et al, 2015)
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