Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a well-recognized and potent heavy metal with non-biodegradable nature and can induce the oxidative stress, degenerative damages in tissues, and neural disorders. Certain lactic acid bacterial strains retain the potential to mitigate the lethal effects of Pb. The present work was carried out to assess the Pb bio-sorption and tolerance capabilities of Lactobacillus plantarum spp. Furthermore, potato resistant starch (PRS)-based microencapsulated and non-encapsulated L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 was utilized for bioremediation against induced chronic Pb toxicity in mice. The experimental mice were divided into two main groups (Pb exposed and non-Pb exposed) and, each group was subsequently divided into three sub groups. The Pb exposed group was exposed to 100 mg/L Pb(NO3)2 via drinking water, and non-Pb exposed group was supplied with plain drinking water during 7 weeks prolonged in vivo study. The accumulation of Pb in blood, feces, renal, and hepatic tissues and its pathological damages were analyzed. The effect of Pb toxicity on the antioxidant enzyme capabilities in blood, serum, as well as, on levels of essential elements in tissues was also calculated. Moreover, KLDS 1.0344 displayed remarkable Pb binding capacity 72.34% and Pb tolerance (680 mg/L). Oral administration of both non- and PRS- encapsulated KLDS 1.0344 significantly provided protection against induced chronic Pb toxicity by increasing fecal Pb levels (445.65 ± 22.28 μg/g) and decreasing Pb in the blood up to 137.63 ± 2.43 μg/L, respectively. KLDS 1.0344 microencapsulated with PRS also relieved the renal and hepatic pathological damages and improved the antioxidant index by inhibiting changes in concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and activated oxygen species, which were affected by the Pb exposure. Overall, our results suggested that L. plantarum KLDS 1.0344 either in free or encapsulated forms hold the potentiality to deliver a dietetic stratagem against Pb lethality.
Highlights
A prompt industrial expansion, farm mechanization, and indiscreet utilization of agricultural manures, invigilancy to dispose-off solid wastes, and inappropriate mining operations are imperiling the human health and ecosystems because of the constant discharge of lethal heavy metals (Huang et al, 2015; Lai et al, 2016; Sidhu et al, 2016; Zhang C. et al, 2016; Liang et al, 2017a)
The kits Njjcbio A003, Njjcbio A006, Njjcbio A005, Njjcbio A001, Njjcbio A007, Njjcbio C010, and Njjcbio C009 were used to determine the levels of malondialdehyde (MDH), glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), aspartate aminotransferase
Pb nitrate and other analytical laboratory chemicals and reagents were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China), δ-aminolevulinic acid was procured from Chuanxiang Bioengineering Company (Wuhan, China)
Summary
A prompt industrial expansion, farm mechanization, and indiscreet utilization of agricultural manures, invigilancy to dispose-off solid wastes, and inappropriate mining operations are imperiling the human health and ecosystems because of the constant discharge of lethal heavy metals (Huang et al, 2015; Lai et al, 2016; Sidhu et al, 2016; Zhang C. et al, 2016; Liang et al, 2017a). Adversative effects, including skin reactions, malaise, renal injury, vomiting, and nausea occur (Bayer, 2015). These chelating agents can cause subsequent deficiencies of zinc, copper, and other crucially important trace nutrients, which are a vital part of the body’s antioxidant defense system (Yadav et al, 2014). Most part of the absorbed Pb all through chronic exposure is originally deposited in the liver before its transportation to the kidney by the bloodstream (Zhai et al, 2014; Javed et al, 2016; Morcillo et al, 2016; Zhang S. et al, 2016; Ashraf and Tang, 2017)
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