Abstract
Abstract. In addition to its mass concentration, the health effects of urban particulate matter may depend on its particle size distribution and chemical composition. Yet air pollution regulations rely on exclusively bulk PM10 concentration measurements, without regard to their potentially different health effects under different conditions. Aerosols from various sources are well known to contain a plethora of toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic constituents such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Extensive public health studies established the link between mass concentrations of PM2.5 / PM10 and health problems within the population. However, little is known about the relative importance of PM from different sources and the effect of seasonality on the toxicity. Here we present the application of a simple and sensitive method for the direct assessment of the overall ecotoxicity of various PM2.5 / PM10 samples collected on filters. The method is based on the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay that has been standardized for solid samples, representing a relevant biological exposure route. Direct emission samples proved to be significantly more ecotoxic than photochemically processed aerosol, thus marked differences were observed between the ecotoxicities of urban PM10 in summer and winter. These effects of urban PM10 may be useful supplementary indicators besides the mass concentrations of PM2.5 / PM10 in cities.
Highlights
The health hazard posed by urban air pollution is evaluated and regulated on the basis of time-weighted average concentrations of criteria pollutants (e.g. NOx, CO, O3, SO2 and PM2.5 / PM10)
Note that since EC50 values are measured with the same experimental setup and expressed as mass of aerosol, they are specific quantities which are independent of the filter loads
Most diesel engine emission samples had higher EC50 values than biomass smoke samples. While this finding warrants further studies it is worthy of note that by using a different toxicological approach Klippel and Nussbaumer (2007) found that particles emitted by incomplete biomass burning showed higher toxicity than diesel soot
Summary
The health hazard posed by urban air pollution is evaluated and regulated on the basis of time-weighted average concentrations of criteria pollutants (e.g. NOx, CO, O3, SO2 and PM2.5 / PM10). The latter is identified as one of the most dangerous pollutants on human health by the EU new directive on air quality (2008/50/CE). In cities the sources of particulate matter are manifold, and the relative contributions of potential sources have been studied extensively (Schauer et al, 2006). Atmospheric transport and photochemical transformations are massively dependent on meteorology, yielding secondary aerosols which become the predominant component of urban particulate matter during summer
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