Abstract
Synthetic materials for bone replacement must ensure a sufficient mechanical stability and an adequate cell proliferation within the structures. Hereby, titanium materials are suitable for producing patient-individual porous bone scaffolds by using generative techniques. In this in vitro study, the viability of human osteoblasts was investigated in porous 3D Ti6Al4V scaffolds, which were produced by electron-beam (EBM) or laser-beam melting (LBM). For each examination, two cylindrical scaffolds (30 mm × 10 mm in size, 700 µm × 700 µm macropores) were placed on each other and seeded with cells. The oxygen consumption and the acidification in the center of the structures were investigated by means of microsensors. Additionally, the synthesis of pro-collagen type 1 was analyzed. On the LBM titanium scaffolds, vital bone cells were detected in the center and in the periphery after 8 days of cultivation. In the EBM titanium constructs, however, vital cells were only visible in the center. During the cultivation period, the cells increasingly produced procollagen type 1 in both scaffolds. In comparison to the periphery, the oxygen content in the center of the scaffolds slightly decreased. Furthermore, a slight acidification of the medium was detectable. Compared to LBM, the EBM titanium scaffolds showed a less favorable behavior with regard to cell seeding.
Highlights
Segmental bone defects can be a result of fractures, traumas, tumors or endoprosthetic loosening.Currently, autologous and allogenic bone grafts are used for the treatment of these defects [1,2].such grafts can be used to a very limited extent only, which is due to their limited availability, risks associated with extraction from the donor site, infections and the risk of immunological reactions to allogenic grafts [3,4]
Such grafts can be used to a very limited extent only, which is due to their limited availability, risks associated with extraction from the donor site, infections and the risk of immunological reactions to allogenic grafts [3,4]
The different mechanical properties of bone substitute materials decide whether the materials are used in load-bearing or non-load-bearing areas, because these areas are subjected to different levels of mechanical stress
Summary
Segmental bone defects can be a result of fractures, traumas, tumors or endoprosthetic loosening.Currently, autologous and allogenic bone grafts are used for the treatment of these defects [1,2].such grafts can be used to a very limited extent only, which is due to their limited availability, risks associated with extraction from the donor site, infections and the risk of immunological reactions to allogenic grafts [3,4]. It is necessary to find alternatives in the form of synthetic, porous three-dimensional (3D) bone substitute materials that can be inserted into bone defects For this purpose, the focus of research is on calcium phosphates as well as metals like titanium and its alloys. Mismatching between bone substitute material and the surrounding bone tissue can lead to a change in the mechanical load distribution within the tissue, as a result of which tissue growth into the material will be inhibited or the implant will loosen [5,6]. For this reason, the mechanical properties of the materials have been adapted to the biomechanical properties of the bone [7]. The mechanical compressive strength of scaffolds made of titanium alloys are comparable to that of human cortical bone [8]
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