Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC), the most frequent disease of oral cavity in preschool children, is the consequence of microbial, genetic, biochemical, socioeconomic, physical, environmental and health-influencing behavioral factors. To investigate the role of the oral microbiome and the impact of host and environmental factors in the occurrence and development of ECC, we studied the supragingival plaques of 14 twin pairs and a set of triplets with discordant caries phenotypes and 15 mothers, applying the Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing technique (HOMINGS). A total of 2,293,650 reads revealed 11 phyla, 116 genera, and 139 species of micromiome. Comparative analysis between the caries and caries-free group at species level revealed that the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Actinomyces islaelii, Neisseria sica, and Veilonella dispar was much higher in caries group (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, monozygotic twins exhibited a higher degree of similarity than dizygotic twins. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between environmental factors and the oral microbiome, and our results indicat that the frequency of taking sweet food is associated with ECC. We conclude the following. First, the occurrence of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Neisseria sica, and Veilonella dispar is strongly associated with the occurrence of ECC. Second, host genetic factors influence the oral microbiome composition, while environmental and behavioral factors like the frequency of taking sweet foods have an impact on the distribution of caries-related bacteria.
Highlights
Dental caries represent one of the most common infectious diseases of the oral cavity among preschool children (Islam et al, 2007)
The results indicate that the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Neisseria sica, and Veilonella dispar was much higher in the caries group
The results indicate that nucleotide metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism are significantly associated with caries, and the results suggest that Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus fermentum, Actinomyces israelii, and Neisseria sica are involved in these metabolic activities
Summary
Dental caries represent one of the most common infectious diseases of the oral cavity among preschool children (Islam et al, 2007). The Human Oral Microbe Identification using Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS), the generation of HOMIM (Aas et al, 2008), utilizes the speed and efficiency of Generation Sequencing (NGS) and it was developed by investigators at the Forsyth Institute (Cambridge, MA) in 2014, using specially designed probes to identify nearly 600 oral bacterial species This approach, based on sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, has been extensively validated (Belstrøm et al, 2016a,b; Daniel et al, 2016; Mougeot et al, 2016), and it has been demonstrated to be precise and useful in oral microbiome researches
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