Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Achilidae species (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) and other Fulgoroidea reveals conserved mitochondrial genome organization.

Shi-Yan Xu,Xiang-Sheng Chen,Jian-Kun Long

doi:10.7717/peerj.6659

Abstract

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of five Achilidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Betatropis formosana, two new species (Magadhaideus luodiana sp. nov and Peltatavertexalis horizontalis sp. nov), Plectoderini sp. and Paracatonidia sp., were sequenced for the first time through next-generation sequencing. The five mitogenomes ranged from 15,214 to 16,216 bp in length, with the typical gene content and arrangement usually observed in Hexapods. The motif “ATGATAA” between atp8 and atp6 was found in all the analyzed species. An overlap “AAGCTTA” between trnW and trnC was observed in the mitogenomes of most Fulgoroidea. The structural and compositional analyses of 26 Fulgoroidea mitogenomes, including the gene rearrangement of five tRNAs (trnW, trnC and trnY; trnT and trnP), the A + T content and AT-skew of the whole mitogenomes, and the nuclear acid and amino acid compositions of the protein-coding genes (PCGs), revealed family-level differences between Delphacidae and other families (Achilidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Issidae and Ricaniidae). Phylogenetic analyses of 13 protein-coding genes from 26 Fulgoroidea species by maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference were consistent and well supported the basal position of Delphacidae, a close affinity among the families Flatidae, Issidae and Ricaniidae, and a close relationship between Achilidae and Fulgoridae.

Highlights

IntroductionAchilidae is a medium-sized group of the superfamily Fulgoroidea (order Hemiptera), called planthoppers
Achilidae is a medium-sized group of the superfamily Fulgoroidea, called planthoppers
Most studies still focus on the identification and description of new species (Hoare, 1934; Linnavuori, 1962; Wilson & Mcpherson, 1980; Emeljanov & Shcherbakov, 2009; Barnard, 2011), a few studies discussed taxonomic relationships among genera or tribes based on morphological characteristics (Metcalf, 1939; O’brien, 1971), and no molecular data was used for the phylogeny of Achilidae

Summary

Introduction

Achilidae is a medium-sized group of the superfamily Fulgoroidea (order Hemiptera), called planthoppers. They are worldwide distributed, mainly tropical and sub-tropical regions, and have higher regional endemism than most species in Ricaniidae and Cixiidae of Fulgoroidea, Aphidoidea and Coccoidea of Sternorrhyncha, and Heteroptera (Chen, Yang & Wilson, 1989). Since Stål established the family Achilidae in 1866 (Stål, 1866a, 1866b), a total of 161 genera and nearly 520 species have been so far described all over the world. Most studies still focus on the identification and description of new species (Hoare, 1934; Linnavuori, 1962; Wilson & Mcpherson, 1980; Emeljanov & Shcherbakov, 2009; Barnard, 2011), a few studies discussed taxonomic relationships among genera or tribes based on morphological characteristics (Metcalf, 1939; O’brien, 1971), and no molecular data was used for the phylogeny of Achilidae

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