Abstract
Lonicerae Flos (LF) derived from the dried flower buds or opening flowers of four Lonicera plants (Lonicera macranthoides, L. hypoglauca, L. confusa, and L. fulvotnetosa), is a popular traditional Chinese medicine. Because the four origin plants are very similar in morphology, it is difficult to control the quality of LF in actual production. Over the past decade, many reports have pointed out the differences among them, including the botanical characteristics and active ingredients. However, there is still a lack of rapid methods that can be applied to the identification of the four origins. In this study, comparative analysis of the four chloroplast genomes was performed, and they showed low diversity (Pi = 0.00267), three variation hotspots regions (rbcL-accD, rps12-ndhF and rps12-trnN-trnG) were identified as potentially molecular marker of highly informative. Meanwhile, the most obvious difference in SSR comparative analysis is reverse and complement repeats were only identified in L. confusa and L. hypoglauca, respectively. Lastly, the phylogenetic tree showed that L. confusa is more closely related to L. fulvotnetosa, while L. macranthoides is closer to L. hypoglauca. This study systematically revealed the differences among the four chloroplast genomes, and it provides valuable genetic information for identifying the origin of LF.
Highlights
Lonicerae Flos (LF, Shanyinhua in Chinese) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines [1], which has been officially listed in Chinese Pharmacopeia (Edition 2020) and described as “Used for carbuncle boils, throat arthralgia, erysipelas, toxic blood dysentery, wind-heat cold, febrile fever”
Reverse repeats and complement repeats were only identified in L. confusa and L. hypoglauca (Fig. 4c), respectively
The results showed two obvious differences among these four chloroplast genomes
Summary
Lonicerae Flos (LF, Shanyinhua in Chinese) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines [1], which has been officially listed in Chinese Pharmacopeia (Edition 2020) and described as “Used for carbuncle boils, throat arthralgia, erysipelas, toxic blood dysentery, wind-heat cold, febrile fever”. LF is the dried flower buds or opening flowers of four plants (Lonicera macranthoides, L. hypoglauca, L. confusa, and L. fulvotnetosa) [2], and they are widely cultivated in Southern China. Inflorescences and bracts are the main differences among the four origin plants in terms of botanical traits [3]. L. macranthoides is the most cultivated one in the market, and L. confusa was the least cultivated and used [3,4]. Because they are so similar, how to distinguish the differences among them is. In order to solve this problem, studies on genetic diversity and relationships might be a good choice
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