Comparative analysis of temporal variation of heavy metal accumulation by two sea urchin species from a harbour region, including pre and post COVID 19 lock down period

Abstract

Sea urchins are marine invertebrates belonging to phylum Echinodermata, recognized as relevant biological tool for assessing environmental pollution. In the present study, we assessed the bioaccumulation potential of different heavy metals by two sea urchin species, Stomopneustes variolaris Lamarck, 1816 and Echinothrix diadema Linnaeus, 1758, collected from a harbour region, along the south west coast of India, during four different sampling periods for 2 years, from the same sea urchin bed. Heavy metals like Pb, Cr, As, Cd, Co, Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni were analysed from water, sediment and different body parts of sea urchins, such as shell, spine, tooth, gut and gonad. The sampling periods also included the pre and post COVID 19 lockdown period during which the harbour activities were closed. The bio-water accumulation factor (BWAF), bio-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and the metal content/test weight index (MTWI) were calculated, in order to compare the bioaccumulation of metals by both the species. The results showed that S. variolaris had higher bioaccumulation potential than E. diadema, for metals like Pb, As, Cr, Co and Cd especially in the soft body parts like gut and gonad. The hard parts of S. variolaris like shell, spine, and tooth also accumulated more Pb, Cu, Ni and Mn than E. diadema. Following the lockdown period, there was a decline in the concentration of all heavy metals in water, whereas in sediment, Pb, Cr, and Cu levels were reduced. The gut and gonad tissues of both the urchins showed a decrease in the concentration of most of the heavy metals following the lockdown phase and no significant reduction was observed in the hard parts. This study reveals the use of S. variolaris as an excellent bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in the marine environment which can be employed for coastal monitoring programs.