Abstract
Few studies have reported the existence of imprinted genes in cattle compared to the human and mouse. Genomic imprinting is expressed in monoallelic form and it depends on a single parent-specific form of the allele. Comparative analysis of mammals other than the human is a valuable tool for explaining the genomic basis of imprinted genes. In this study, we investigated 34 common imprinted genes in the human and mouse as well as 35 known non-imprinted genes in the human. We found short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), and long terminal repeats (LTRs) in imprinted (human and mouse) and control (cattle) genes. Pair-wise comparisons for the three species were conducted using SINEs, LINEs, and LTRs. We also calculated 95% confidence intervals of frequencies of repetitive sequences for the three species. As a result, most genes had a similar interval between species. We found 11 genes with conserved SINEs, LINEs, and LTRs in the human, mouse, and cattle. In conclusion, eleven genes (CALCR, Grb10, HTR2A, KCNK9, Kcnq1, MEST, OSBPL5, PPP1R9A, Sgce, SLC22A18, and UBE3A) were identified as candidate imprinted genes in cattle.
Highlights
Imprinted genes do not follow the law of Mendenlian genetics in which inheritance of traits is described as either recessive or dominant (e.g., Lee et al, 2007)
Detection of repetitive elements To account for differences in genomic imprinting expression, we examined repetitive elements of molecular components
To date few analyses have been conducted on sequence characteristics in repetitive elements of known imprinted genes
Summary
Imprinted genes do not follow the law of Mendenlian genetics in which inheritance of traits is described as either recessive or dominant (e.g., Lee et al, 2007). Genomic imprinting is monoallelic and involves epigenetically expressed parent-of-origin-dependent inheritance of specific autosomal genes (mother (egg) or father (sperm)) (Cheng et al, 2007). In a study of imprinted genes (51 in human and 69 in mice), only 26 of these genes were common between the two species (Jirtle, 2006). Humans had fewer imprinted genes than mice, and the imprinted genes in humans were different from those in mice. These genes were highly conserved between these two species, some genes showed non-imprinted patterns in both species. To understand the biological mechanisms of genomic imprinting, comparative analysis of the sequence
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