Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of rainwater treatment using two types of filters: one with filtration materials (gravel, sand, and anthracite) and the other employing membranes. In both cases, the quality of the rainwater after passing through the filter met the standards required by NBR 15527:2007 (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT)) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for non-potable uses according to the parameters pH, temperature, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, alkalinity, and calcium hardness. The results obtained were also compared with Directive 2914/2011 of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which deals with water potability, and with Resolution 357/2005 of CONAMA (Brazilian National Council for the Environment), which is applied to surface water bodies, especially rivers, and establishes the possibility of direct contact of the water with human skin. It was concluded that the rainwater obtained from both filters could be used for non-potable uses, such as toilet flushing, garden irrigation, and sidewalk cleaning, as well as for direct-contact activities, such as bathing and washing clothes.
Highlights
IntroductionDue to a worsening of the quality of water sources and scarcity, alternative sources and ways to promote the rational use of water are required in order to guarantee a stable water supply [1]
Scarcity in water supply is related to the availability and quality of water sources, along with an increase in consumption due to urban development, human activities, and industrialization.Due to a worsening of the quality of water sources and scarcity, alternative sources and ways to promote the rational use of water are required in order to guarantee a stable water supply [1]
Recent estimates show that 31 countries experience water stress between 25% and 70%
Summary
Due to a worsening of the quality of water sources and scarcity, alternative sources and ways to promote the rational use of water are required in order to guarantee a stable water supply [1]. In this context, rainwater appears to be a potential alternative source, and several researchers consider it as one of the solutions for the crisis in potable water supply [2]. Clean water and sanitation for all is the Sustainable Development Goal 6, one of 17 Sustainable.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
