Abstract
Buckwheat is a nutritional and economically crop belonging to Polygonaceae, Fagopyrum. To better understand the mutation patterns and evolution trend in the chloroplast (cp) genome of buckwheat, and found sufficient number of variable regions to explore the phylogenetic relationships of this genus, two complete cp genomes of buckwheat including Fagopyrum dibotrys (F. dibotrys) and Fagopyrum luojishanense (F. luojishanense) were sequenced, and other two Fagopyrum cp genomes were used for comparative analysis. After morphological analysis, the main difference among these buckwheat were height, leaf shape, seeds and flower type. F. luojishanense was distinguishable from the cultivated species easily. Although the F. dibotrys and two cultivated species has some similarity, they different in habit and component contents. The cp genome of F. dibotrys was 159,320 bp while the F. luojishanense was 159,265 bp. 48 and 61 SSRs were found in F. dibotrys and F. luojishanense respectively. Meanwhile, 10 highly variable regions among these buckwheat species were located precisely. The phylogenetic relationships among four Fagopyrum species based on complete cp genomes was showed. The results suggested that F. dibotrys is more closely related to Fagopyrum tataricum. These data provided valuable genetic information for Fagopyrum species identification, taxonomy, phylogenetic study and molecular breeding.
Highlights
During the past years, the use of cp DNA sequence data has been proved useful for phylogenetic relationships and inferring phylogenetic relationships in genus Fagopyrum at taxonomic levels
We tried to answer the following questions: (1) Are the differences among buckwheat in morphology related with the chloroplast genomes evolution? (2) What is the typical structural pattern of chloroplast genomes in buckwheat? (3) What kind of mutation events happened among the four chloroplast genomes? (4) Identified highly variable regions by compared the four complete chloroplast genomes, which could be utilized as potential markers or candidate DNA barcoding for phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characteristics were discussed
Summary
The use of cp DNA sequence data has been proved useful for phylogenetic relationships and inferring phylogenetic relationships in genus Fagopyrum at taxonomic levels. The chloroplast sequence is more conserved than nuclear sequence[13], the non-recombinant and mostly uniparental inheritance characteristics of the chloroplast genome makes the gene content and genome structure is highly conservative in plants[14] It exhibit different mutation events[15], which will provide many sequences divergence information between species and it could been used as a potential tool for evolutionary, taxonomy, phylogeny studies in plants[16,17,18,19]. Using the Fagopyrum chloroplast genome sequences for the phylogenetic analysis could demonstrate the evolution of each species and provide abundant information for potential biomarkers to the species identification, taxonomy, phylogenetic research and assist in utilization and exploration of wild buckwheat
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