Comparative Analysis of Essential and Toxic Elements in Water and Blood Samples of Kidney Patients in Quetta, Pakistan

Abstract

The current study based on the comparative analysis of essential elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) and toxic elements such as Al (Al) and lead (Pb), in drinking water, and biological sample of kidney disorder patients in Quetta capital city of Balochistan, Pakistan. In this study our main purpose was to compare the level of heavy metals (Pd & Al) and essential metals (Ca, Na, K & Mg) in blood samples of kidney disorder patients and in water samples of their respective areas. Level of these essential and toxic elements in blood samples as well as in water determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). It was evaluate that Ca and Mg in water might be related with patients of kidney disorders in Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan. The Ca and Mg contents in two types of drinking water, Ground Water (GW) and Munciple treated water (MTW) were found in the range of (510.7) mg/L and (319) mg/L respectively. In blood samples of kidney disorder patient’s concentration of essential elements were found in the range of Ca (118-140), Mg (20.1-43.2), Na (3156-4094) and K (211-299) mg/L while, the levels of Al and Pb were found in the range of (586-1380) and (278-645) μg/L, respectively. In the healthy referents concentration of electrolytes are lower than Kidney disorder patient (KDP), while the levels of toxic metals in blood samples of referents were three to six fold lower than kidney disorder patients. As water samples of Quetta area were not polluted with toxic elements (Pb and Al), but these elements were present in biological samples of KDPs due to the environmental exposure of Pb and Al to these individual. Eventually it is clear from present research work that only Ca is that element which is present in large amount in water samples of Quetta Area and contributed as one of the important factor for raising the Ca level in biological samples of KDPs and KDPs showing abnormal level of Ca element in their biological samples is due to the usage of unsafe water containing this element in excess amount.