Abstract
Advances in knowledge of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 have been acquired; however, the host factors that could explain the mild and severe forms of the disease are not fully understood. Thus, we proposed to evaluate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the inflammatory response of different groups of individuals, including healthcare workers (HCW), sick and dead COVID-19 patients and also recovered patients to contribute to this knowledge gap. Our objective is to relate the clinical evolution of these individuals with the level of detection and functionality of specific antibodies and with the production of inflammatory mediators. As main findings, IgA and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 were detected in asymptomatic HCW. IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were higher in symptomatic HCWs than patients with COVID-19 and those who died. Patients who died had higher levels of IL-6, IL-10, and CCL2/MCP-1. We found an imbalance between antiviral and pro-inflammatory mediators in the groups, in which IFN-γ and TNF-α seem to be more associated with protection and IL-6 and CCL2/MCP-1 with pathology. Our work is pioneering the Brazilian population and corroborates data from people from other countries.
Highlights
SARS-CoV-2 was officially announced by the World Health Organization (WHO)in late 2019 as the causative agent of 2019 pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID19) [1,2]
Between March and June 2020, 134 individuals, 97 healthcare workers (HCW) and 37 COVID-19 patients over 18 years of age were recruited from Rede–Casa Hospitals, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
We found increased headache frequency in symptomatic healthcare professionals and recovered COVID-19 patients; we must interpret these findings with caution
Summary
SARS-CoV-2 was officially announced by the World Health Organization (WHO). In late 2019 as the causative agent of 2019 pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID19) [1,2]. COVID-19 quickly led to outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome that spread across China and elsewhere in the world [2]. SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted faster and more efficiently compared to the other two epidemic coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 threatened global public health with high human mortality and resulted in an almost complete stoppage of economic and social activities globally. 14% of patients required hospitalization, and approximately 1.4–3.4% died from COVID19 [3,4]. On 17 February 2022, more than 416 million cases and 5,8 million deaths have
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