Abstract
Tyre derived fuel (TDF) has a potential advantage for its use as a co-fuel with coal in rotary kilns of cement plants. In this study we analyzed the emissions of selected criteria pollutants; CO2, CO, NOx, SOx and PM to suggest suitable proportion of TDF to replace coal when different proportions of TDF and coal were used as cement kiln feed. Emissions of CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO2 and total PM from stack and concentrations of CO, NOx, SOx and PM10 in ambient air were assessed using USEPA recommended methods. Substitution such as 85% coal and 15% TDF, 80% coal and 20% TDF, 75% coal and 25% TDF and 70% coal and 30% TDF were applied in this study. Results of the current study revealed a rise in CO and TPM stack emissions with an increase in proportions of TDF and crossed standards at 80% coal and 20% TDF. Decline in NOx emissions up-till 15% proportion of TDF was observed and remained lower than the emission of NOx at 100% coal use in spite of an increase in its concentration at each increased proportion of TDF above 15% TDF use. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in ambient air pollutant concentration with and without TDF use was observed. The study suggested 15% TDF substitution as a preferable proportion for the selected cement plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.68.2.6471
Highlights
It is of significance to ponder upon environmental implications of cement production because of its abundance in world market
This study aims to find the suitable proportion of tyre derived fuel (TDF), which could be used as co-fuel in combination of coal in cement kiln. 1 ton of Tyre derived fuel (TDF) can replace 1.2 tons of coal as analyzed for kiln of the selected cement plant
Results of the study suggest only proportional substitution of coal with TDF due to a considerable rise in CO and PM concentration from stack emissions with an increase in the amount of TDF substituted as fuel. This industrial scale fuel substitution experiment demonstrated the potential for waste tyres to be used as a fuel in cement kiln taking the environment as priority
Summary
It is of significance to ponder upon environmental implications of cement production because of its abundance in world market. Asia is the biggest producer among the world cement producing regions, as it contributed 67.60% of the total cement produced worldwide (Ali et al, 2011). Cement manufacturing process is a multistage process. Each step of cement production is associated with certain emissions (Chen et al, 2010). To meet energy demand of this industry, petroleum, oil, natural gas and coal are mostly used (Eckert et al, 1997). Coal is at priority to generate energy for cement manufacturing (CEC 2003), more prominently in developing countries. Burning of fuel especially coal releases considerable amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Photovoltaics Bulletin, 2002; O’Keefe et al, 2010; Ali et al, 2011)
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