Comparative analysis between convolutional neural network learned and engineered features: A case study on cardiac arrhythmia detection

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BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiovascular problems, and its asymptomatic tendency makes AF detection challenging. Machine and deep learning methods are commonly used in AF detection.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the information provided by convolutional neural network (CNN) and random forest (RF) machine learning models for AF classification.MethodsWe manually extracted 166 time–frequency domains and linear and nonlinear features to classify single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) as normal, AF, other, or noisy sinus rhythms. We selected a subset of 56 robust features using a genetic algorithm that was used in the RF model. In a separate study, a 1-dimensional, 12-layer CNN was designed on the raw ECG rhythms. Four features from the output layer and 128 features from the fully connected layer of CNN were explored independently for classification. The models were trained and internally validated on 8,528 ECGs and externally validated on a hidden dataset containing 3,658 ECGs. Next,we analyzed the correlation between engineered and CNN-learned features.ResultsAn RF classifier trained with 56-engineered features resulted in an F1 score of 0.91, 0.78, and 0.72 for normal, AF, and other rhythms, respectively. However, an ensemble of support vector machine and the CNN model resulted in an F1 score of 0.92, 0.87, and 0.80, respectively.ConclusionWe explored various features and machine learning models to identify AF rhythms using short (9–61 seconds) single-lead ECG recordings. Our results showed that the proposed CNN model abstracted distinctive features for AF classification.