Abstract
BackgroundLythraceae belongs to the order Myrtales, which is part of Archichlamydeae. The family has 31 genera containing approximately 620 species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Of these 31 genera, five large genera each possess 35 or more species. They are Lythrum, with 35; Rotala, with 45; Nesaea, with 50; Lagerstroemia, with 56; and Cuphea, with 275 species.ResultsWe reported six newly sequenced chloroplast (cp) genomes (Duabanga grandiflora, Trapa natans, Lythrum salicaria, Lawsonia inermis, Woodfordia fruticosa and Rotala rotundifolia) and compared them with 16 other cp genomes of Lythraceae species. The cp genomes of the 22 Lythraceae species ranged in length from 152,049 bp to 160,769 bp. In each Lythraceae species, the cp genome contained 112 genes consisting of 78 protein coding genes, four ribosomal RNAs and 30 transfer RNAs. Furthermore, we detected 211–332 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in six categories and 7–27 long repeats in four categories. We selected ten divergent hotspots (ndhF, matK, ycf1, rpl22, rpl32, trnK-rps16, trnR-atpA, rpl32-trnL, trnH-psbA and trnG-trnR) among the 22 Lythraceae species to be potential molecular markers. We constructed phylogenetic trees from 42 Myrtales plants with 8 Geraniales plants as out groups. The relationships among the Myrtales species were effectively distinguished by maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) trees constructed using 66 protein coding genes. Generally, the 22 Lythraceae species gathered into one clade, which was resolved as sister to the three Onagraceae species. Compared with Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae, Lythraceae and Onagraceae differentiated later within Myrtales.ConclusionsThe study provided ten potential molecular markers as candidate DNA barcodes and contributed cp genome resources within Myrtales for further study.
Highlights
Lythraceae belongs to the order Myrtales, which is part of Archichlamydeae
Chloroplast genome structure and content The complete cp genomes of the 22 Lythraceae species ranged in length from 152,049 bp (L. subcostata) to 160, 769 bp (L. villosa) (Table 1)
All cp genomes had the typical four conjoined structures, including the large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions separated by two inverted repeats (IRs) regions (Fig. 1)
Summary
Lythraceae belongs to the order Myrtales, which is part of Archichlamydeae. The family has 31 genera containing approximately 620 species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Of these 31 genera, five large genera each possess 35 or more species. They are Lythrum, with 35; Rotala, with 45; Nesaea, with 50; Lagerstroemia, with 56; and Cuphea, with 275 species. Lythraceae belongs to the order Myrtales and is named after the genus Lythrum [1]. The genera Cuphea, Lagerstroemia, Nesaea, Rotala, Most Lythraceae species are herbs, while shrubs or trees are less common [8]. Some species in the family are of high economic value, such as Punica granatum as a fruit tree, Trapa
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