Abstract
Proportional and non-proportional multiaxial low cycle fatigue tests were performed on commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti), employing both strain-controlled and stress-controlled modes. CP-Ti exhibits a four-stage characteristic under higher applied strain amplitude. For other cases and under stress-controlled mode, the initial hardening dissipated, giving way to a typical three-stage cyclic softening characteristics. Two failure modes, fatigue failure and ratcheting failure, occur depending on the applied stress amplitude. CP-Ti exhibits obvious asymmetric strain response under symmetric stress-controlled mode depending on the loading level. CP-Ti demonstrates non-proportional hardening under both strain-controlled mode and stress-controlled mode with different microscopic mechanisms. The additional hardening due to non-proportional loading results in an increase in the axial response stress with increasing multiaxial strain ratio. Interactions between dislocations with different slip systems hinder the development of stable dislocation structures, leading to pronounced non-proportional hardening of CP-Ti under strain-controlled mode. As for stress-controlled mode, the significant growth of twin content improves the grain boundary strength, leading to the non-proportional hardening of CP-Ti.
Published Version
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