Abstract
Compaction problems in heavily tilled soils have been commonly mitigated with the use of cover plants. Aiming to evaluate the effects of compaction on the physical properties of a plyntic Haplic-Alitic Cambisol soil after development of different cover crops, a complete randomized blocks design experiment, with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement and four replications, was conducted. Treatments consisted of cultivation of two legume species, crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.) and stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Estilosantes capitata + Estilosantes macrocephala) and a grass species, brachiaria (Urochloa brizhantha cv. Marandu), subjected to soil compaction: CM–Conventional soil management (tillage) without additional compaction; CMc4 and CMc8–conventional soil management with additional compaction using a 6 Mg tractor in four and eight wheel passes. Conventional management with additional compaction does not affect significantly the physical attributes at a soil depth of 0.10-0.20 m, and only the soil moisture does not differ according to the soil management, irrespective of the depth and kind of cover plant. Traffic levels in four passes result in an increased soil bulk density and macroporosity in the 0.0-0.05 m, and in soil resistance to penetration and total porosity in the layer up to 0.10 m. Cover crops are important in maintaining soil physical quality to reduce the negative effects of compacting forces, especially to stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande that provided greater soil protection in systems with or without addition of compaction, conditioning the lowest values of bulk density and soil resistance to penetration.
Highlights
Characterization of the effects of management systems on soil degradation and physical quality is very important (Servadio, Marsili, Vignozzi, Pellegrini, & Pagliai, 2005; Martinkoski, Vogel, Jadoski, & Watzlawick, 2017) and can be assessed through the soil bulk density, macro and microporosity, aggregates stability, mechanical penetration resistance and water infiltration in soil (Vasconcelos, Souza, Cantalice, & Silva, 2014; Gomes et al, 2017)
The cover crops, due to each plant’s growth habit, played a different role in reducing ρb, and brachiaria and crotalaria were the cover plants that indicated the lowest vales of ρb
The ρb values in the CMc4 and CMc8 systems corroborate the results reported by Bergamin et al (2010), in which the authors did not find a significant difference in layers 0.10-0.15 m and 0.15-0.20 m in soil under wheeling pressure of two, four and six tractor passes
Summary
Characterization of the effects of management systems on soil degradation and physical quality is very important (Servadio, Marsili, Vignozzi, Pellegrini, & Pagliai, 2005; Martinkoski, Vogel, Jadoski, & Watzlawick, 2017) and can be assessed through the soil bulk density, macro and microporosity, aggregates stability, mechanical penetration resistance and water infiltration in soil (Vasconcelos, Souza, Cantalice, & Silva, 2014; Gomes et al, 2017). Understanding and quantifying the impact of land use and management on the soil physical quality are vital for the development of sustainable cropping systems (Marsili, Servadio, Pagliai, & Vignozzi, 1998). Souza, Silva, Barbosa, and Araújo (2014) observed that compacted soils exhibit a decreased volume of macropores and water infiltration and an increased soil density and penetration resistance. Mechanical soil management, causes changes in the pores shape, reduction of channel dimensions and, in soil water permeability (Castro, Vieira, Siqueira, & Andrade, 2009)
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