Abstract
A compact hard X-ray split-and-delay line for studying ultrafast dynamics at free-electron laser sources is presented. The device is capable of splitting a single X-ray pulse into two fractions to introduce time delays from -5 to 815 ps with femtosecond resolution. The split-and-delay line can operate in a wide and continuous energy range between 7 and 16 keV. Compact dimensions of 60 × 60 × 30 cm with a total weight of about 60 kg make it portable and suitable for direct installation in an experimental hutch. The concept of the device is based on crystal diffraction. The piezo-driven stages utilized in the device give nanometre positioning accuracy. On-line monitoring systems based on X-ray cameras and intensity monitors are implemented to provide active alignment feedback. Performance estimates of the system are also presented.
Highlights
Hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) sources based on selfamplified spontaneous emission (SASE) provide spatially coherent ultrashort pulses with extremely high peak brightness (Emma et al, 2010; Ishikawa et al, 2012; Tschentscher et al, 2017; Kang et al, 2017)
The performance was successfully verified at storage rings (Roseker et al, 2011) and FEL sources (Roseker et al, 2012) by demonstrating the first ultrafast X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) study of nanosecond colloidal dynamics (Roseker et al, 2018)
In this paper we present a compact, versatile and portable split-and-delay device dedicated to conducting X-ray pump– probe and XPCS experiments at any FEL source
Summary
Hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) sources based on selfamplified spontaneous emission (SASE) provide spatially coherent ultrashort pulses with extremely high peak brightness (Emma et al, 2010; Ishikawa et al, 2012; Tschentscher et al, 2017; Kang et al, 2017) Such superior beam properties provide excellent conditions for conducting ultrafast dynamics studies, for instance initiated by an optical or X-ray pump pulse (Glownia et al, 2010; Trigo et al, 2013, 2008) or via X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) (Grubel et al, 2007; Grubel & Zontone, 2004; Lehmkuhler et al, 2015, 2018). Greatly reduced, allowing the minimization of any angular instabilities of the beam caused by upstream optical components
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