Comorbid substance abuse and neurocognitive function in recent-onset schizophrenia

Abstract

Despite the high prevalence of comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) up to 65% in schizophrenia there is still few knowledge about the influence of substance abuse on neurocognitive function. In a prospective design we recruited 68 patients (aged 18-40 years) diagnosed as recent-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder consecutively admitted to hospital. The patients received standardized psychopathological evaluation of schizophrenic symptoms [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)], depressive symptoms [Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, (MADRS)] and global ratings [Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF)]. Out of this sample 44 subjects underwent after stabilization (4-6 weeks after admission) neuropsychological investigation focusing on early information processing (Trail-Making-Test A, Digit Span), visuo-spatial ability (Corsi Block Tapping), verbal fluency (Verbal Fluency Test, semantic and letter category), and executive functioning and cognitive flexibility [Trail-Making-Test B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)]. About 36% of patients reported drug abuse [European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI)] with a high prevalence for cannabis. Compared with nonabusers the sample of substance abusers was younger, predominantly male and had lower socioeconomic status. Attentional impairment according to the SANS subscale was less in abusers than in nonabusers on admission, no other psychopathological differences could be detected. Schizophrenic patients without substance abuse demonstrated significantly better performance only in a few neurocognitive tasks (Verbal Fluency, letter category and at trend level Digit Span, backwards), while there tended to be an advantage for substance abusers in executive functioning (WCST, not significant). These results are consistent with other studies of first-episode patients. The lack of higher cognitive disturbance in young schizophrenic patients with comorbid substance abuse may encourage clinicians to develop integrated treatment programmes using cognitive strategies of drug therapy.