Community structure of whole pelagic copepods along the Kuroshio: Increase in the abundance and size in the north frontal area of the Kuroshio axis near the Japanese archipelago

Abstract

The Kuroshio ecosystem is an important nursery ground for various fish species. Because the prey biomass and composition influence the recruitment of larval and juvenile fish, we investigated the variation in the abundance, carbon biomass, and community structure of copepods, which are the main prey for larval and juvenile fish, along the Kuroshio from the eastern coast of Taiwan to the Boso Peninsula, Japan from 8–November 24, 2015, using 100 μm-meshed plankton net samples. We identified two groups of stations (A and B) by the cluster analysis based on the composition and abundance for adult copepods (Q-mode). The total copepod abundance and carbon biomass were higher in Group A than in Group B. Of the dominant species assemblages classified by cluster analysis (R-mode), the abundance of species assemblages S2b and S3, which were composed of small-sized species (e.g., Oithona and Oncaea species), did not differ between Groups A and B, indicating that they were distributed abundantly throughout the Kuroshio region. On the other hand, the species assemblages (S1 and S2a) including the medium-sized calanoid copepods of coastal species and subtropical species (e.g., Paracalanus aculeatus and Clausocalanus furcatus) contributed to the high abundance and biomass of Group A. Group A occurred in the north-frontal area of the Kuroshio axis near the Japanese archipelago where chlorophyll a was high. This indicates that the community was changed by the bottom-up processes driven by nutrient supply from the subsurface layer in the north-frontal area. These results show that although the small-sized copepods were usually dominant in numerical abundance in the Kuroshio region as well as other oligotrophic oceans, the medium-sized copepods were an important component in the copepod community in water with high primary production. We concluded that the ecosystem in the north-frontal area downstream of the Kuroshio might provide optimal prey environments for diverse fish larvae and juveniles.