Abstract
Enabling local communities to participate actively in furthering their communal interests has become a well-established criterion for urban upgrading projects over the last three decades. Funding agencies (international agencies in particular) use this criterion as a prerequisite for funding projects. However, in many urban upgrade projects in less developed countries (LDCs), local community participation is problematic at both legislative and procedural levels. The willingness and ability of the local community to participate, the existence of a formal community enabling mechanism, and even the initial set-up of the project are three issues that are normally overlooked at these levels. Community participation is even more important in local development projects if the local urban heritage attracts national and international interest.This article discusses the theoretical structures of various management mechanisms for urban upgrade projects, considering both the basic conceptual phase and the execution p...
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