Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground: Hearing loss is one of the most common developmental disorders identifiable at birth with its prevalence increasing throughout school years. However, early detection programs are mostly unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where more than 80% of children with hearing loss reside.Objective: This study investigated the feasibility of a smartphone-based hearing screening program for preschool children operated by community healthcare workers (CHWs) in community-based early childhood development (ECD) centers.Method: Five CHWs were trained to map ECD centers and conduct smartphone-based hearing screenings within a poor community in South Africa over a 12-month period. The hearScreenTM smartphone application employed automated test protocols operating on low-cost smartphones. A cloud-based data management and referral function allowed for remote monitoring for surveillance and follow up.Results: 6424 children (3–6 years) were screened for hearing loss with an overall referral rate of 24.9%. Only 39.4% of these children attended their follow-up appointment at a local clinic, of whom 40.5% referred on their second screening. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age, gender and environmental noise levels (1 kHz) had a significant effect on referral rates (p < 0.05). The quality index reflecting test operator test quality increased during the first few months of testing.Conclusion: Smartphone-based hearing screening can be used by CHWs to detect unidentified children affected by hearing loss within ECD centers. Active noise monitoring, quality indices of test operators and cloud-based data management and referral features of the hearScreenTM application allows for the asynchronous management of hearing screenings and follow-ups.
Highlights
Hearing loss is one of the most common developmental disorders identifiable at birth with its prevalence increasing throughout school years
39.4% of these children attended their follow-up appointment at a local clinic, of whom 40.5% referred on their second screening
Smartphone-based hearing screening can be used by community healthcare workers (CHWs) to detect unidentified children affected by hearing loss within early childhood development (ECD) centers
Summary
Hearing loss is one of the most common developmental disorders identifiable at birth with its prevalence increasing throughout school years. Hearing loss may lead to developmental delay and difficulty progressing in school if timely and optimal interventions are not provided [3] These children are at a greater risk for failure and drop-out from school placing the children at an economic disadvantage [4]. There are limited prospects of identifying hearing loss in children, within developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa where an estimated 6.8 million children suffer from permanent disabling hearing loss [5,8,9] This may be attributed to the absence of early hearing detection and identification (EHDI) programs due to reasons including limited human resources for ear and hearing care, a lack of appropriate equipment, costs and other health care priorities [10,11]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there is only one audiologist per 0.5 million to 6.25 million people in the developing world [11], with countries in subSaharan Africa presenting with a ratio of one audiologist per 0.8 million people [12]
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