Abstract
Phenol is a ubiquitous organic contaminant in drinking water. Biodegradation plays an important role in the elimination of phenol pollution in the environment, but the information about phenol removal by drinking water biofilters is still lacking. Herein, we study an acclimated bacterial community that can degrade over 80% of 300 mg/L phenol within 3 days. PCR detection of genotypes involved in bacterial phenol degradation revealed that the degradation pathways contained the initial oxidative attack by phenol hydroxylase, and subsequent ring fission by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Based on the PCR denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiles of bacteria from biological activated carbon (BAC), the predominant bacteria in drinking water biofilters including Delftia sp., Achromobacter sp., and Agrobacterium sp., which together comprised up to 50% of the total microorganisms. In addition, a shift in bacterial community structure was observed during phenol biodegradation. Furthermore, the most effective phenol-degrading strain DW-1 that correspond to the main band in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profile was isolated and identified as Acinetobacter sp., according to phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences. The strain DW-1 also produced the most important enzyme, phenol hydroxylase, and it also exhibited a good ability to degrade phenol when immobilized on granular active carbon (GAC). This study indicates that the enrichment culture has great potential application for treatment of phenol-polluted drinking water sources, and the indigenous phenol-degrading microorganism could recover from drinking water biofilters as an efficient resource for phenol removal. Therefore, the aim of this study is to draw attention to recover native phenol-degrading bacteria from drinking water biofilters, and use these native microorganisms as phenolic water remediation in drinking water sources.
Highlights
Phenol is extensively used in various organic compounds, such as agricultural chemicals, pesticides, dyes, and drugs (Basha et al, 2010; Zhang et al, 2013)
The findings of the present study provide new insight into the evolution of bacterial communities that during phenol degradation processes, and provide information on the phenol-degrading bacteria which was isolated from drinking water biofilters
This study is the first time to characterize the specific microbiome under trace phenol conditions in drinking water biological activated carbon (BAC) filters by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
Summary
Phenol is extensively used in various organic compounds, such as agricultural chemicals, pesticides, dyes, and drugs (Basha et al, 2010; Zhang et al, 2013). Because of its carcinogenic and toxic properties, phenol poses risks to human health and other forms of life (Kumar et al, 2005; El-Naas et al, 2009). Phenol contaminants at high concentration have been. Community Analysis and Phenol-degrading Bacteria Recovered detected in the environment (50–1500 mg/L; Cooper and Nicell, 1996; Adak et al, 2006) and in drinking water (0.21 to1130 mg/L; Baker et al, 1978; Jarvis et al, 1985). In the 2006 standards for drinking water quality produced by the Ministry of Public Health of China, the maximum volatile phenol level permitted in drinking water is 2 ppb. The elimination of phenol from drinking water is a critical issue in China today
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