Abstract
To maintain a balance of self-renewal versus neurogenesis, neural stem cells (NSCs) undergo asymmetric cell division along an invariant polarity axis instructed by centrosomes. In the NSCs of the third instar <i>Drosophila</i> larval brain, the interphase centrosomes are defined by marked asymmetries in protein composition and functional activity as microtubule-organizing centers. Here we show that a conserved RNA-binding protein, Orb2, supports NSC centrosome asymmetry by localizing to the cytoplasm, where it promotes robust apical centrosome maturation and transient basal centrosome inactivation, required for centrosome segregation and spindle morphogenesis. Orb2 is required cell autonomously within NSCs to support centrosome asymmetry and maintenance of the stem cell pool. We suggest Orb2 plays opposing roles in centrosome activation and inactivation at the apical versus basal centrosomes respectively, possibly through the translational regulation of multiple mRNAs. Conversely, loss of <i>orb2</i> manifests in microcephaly independent of Orb2 function in NSCs. Bioinformatics uncovers a significant overlap among RNA targets between <i>Drosophila</i> Orb2 and human CPEB4, consistent with a conserved role for CPEB proteins in centrosome regulation and neurodevelopment.
Highlights
In this article we offer practical tips and resources for busy GPs, including the new Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Toolkit for Deafness and Hearing Loss
NHS England estimated that the cost of people who are Deaf or have hearing loss missing NHS appointments could be as high as £15 million every year
In a recent survey by Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID), more than 70% of responders said they ’did not feel confident that their communication needs would be met during a remote appointment’ and over half admitted they had ’put off’ seeking advice from their GP because of remote care, meaning they were at risk of missing out on vital medical care
Summary
Patients (and more recently GPs) have identified a lack of GP training in the necessary skills to communicate effectively with people who have hearing loss.[8]. Experiences of people with hearing loss accessing health care, including contacting and visiting their GP surgery. NHS England estimated that the cost of people who are Deaf or have hearing loss missing NHS appointments could be as high as £15 million every year. After attending their appointment, more than a quarter (28%) of patients were unclear about their diagnosis and the health advice they had been given. The RCGP has accredited a Deaf awareness online course for doctors, developed by UCL Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre This 2-hour self-d irected course will help you understand the communication needs of Deaf and hearing-impaired patients. There are videos of patients' and doctors’ real- life experiences to make the learning relevant and engaging
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