Abstract
.A stable multimodal system is developed by combining two common-path digital holographic microscopes (DHMs): coherent and incoherent, for simultaneous recording and retrieval of three-dimensional (3-D) phase and 3-D fluorescence imaging (FI), respectively, of a biological specimen. The 3-D FI is realized by a single-shot common-path off-axis fluorescent DHM developed recently by our group. In addition, we accomplish, the phase imaging by another single-shot, highly stable common-path off-axis DHM based on a beam splitter. In this DHM configuration, a beam splitter is used to divide the incoming object beam into two beams. One beam serves as the object beam carrying the useful information of the object under study, whereas another beam is spatially filtered at its Fourier plane by using a pinhole and it serves as a reference beam. This DHM setup, owing to a common-path geometry, is less vibration-sensitive and compact, having a similar field of view but with high temporal phase stability in comparison to a two-beam Mach–Zehnder-type DHM. The performance of the proposed common-path DHM and the multimodal system is verified by conducting various experiments on fluorescent microspheres and fluorescent protein-labeled living cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Moreover, the potential capability of the proposed multimodal system for 3-D live fluorescence and phase imaging of the fluorescent beads is also demonstrated. The obtained experimental results corroborate the feasibility of the proposed multimodal system and indicate its potential applications for the analysis of functional and structural behaviors of a biological specimen and enhancement of the understanding of physiological mechanisms and various biological diseases.
Highlights
IntroductionVarious multimodal imaging systems with different configurations and for different purposes have been recently developed because these systems enable one to analyze the functional and structural behaviors of a biological specimen at a single examination and, facilitate a better understanding of the behavior of molecular, cellular, and disease biology.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] The multimodal systems were developed for simultaneous fluorescence and quantitative phase imaging by incorporating the two-dimensional (2-D) epifluorescence microscopy with the diffraction phase microscopy by Park et al.[1] and with the Mach–Zehnder-type digital holographic microscopy (DHM) by Pavillon et al.[2] and Quan et al.[3]
The proposed system, owing to its common-path configuration, shows high temporal stability compared to the conventional two-beam configuration of digital holographic microscopes (DHMs)
A single-shot common-path off-axis coherent DHM based on a beam splitter is proposed
Summary
Various multimodal imaging systems with different configurations and for different purposes have been recently developed because these systems enable one to analyze the functional and structural behaviors of a biological specimen at a single examination and, facilitate a better understanding of the behavior of molecular, cellular, and disease biology.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] The multimodal systems were developed for simultaneous fluorescence and quantitative phase imaging by incorporating the two-dimensional (2-D) epifluorescence microscopy with the diffraction phase microscopy by Park et al.[1] and with the Mach–Zehnder-type digital holographic microscopy (DHM) by Pavillon et al.[2] and Quan et al.[3]. Chowdhury et al.[8] and Nygate et al.[9] proposed the multimodal systems based on the principle of off-axis holographic multiplexing to obtain the quantitative phase and fluorescence imaging (FI) of the biological cells using a single camera. These systems,[8,9] owing to the use of single camera for recording both the phase hologram and the fluorescence image, are free from image registration issues
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