Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is an etiologically heterogeneous syndrome that constitutes the largest proportion of refractory partial epilepsies. The most common substrates of TLE include focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in children and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in adults, with significant overlap of lesion types across age groups. In contrast with the developmental nature of FCD pathology, HS is considered a post-natally acquired condition. This paper highlights the clinical and functional characteristics of each, with an introduction to their classification systems and relevant diagnostic information.
Highlights
Recurrent seizures affect more than 470,000 children and 3 million adults in the United States [1]
Focal seizures are usually classified into syndromes based upon the lobe in which they originate, they may be caused by a variety of brain pathologies
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of most commonly identified developmental malformations associated with intractable pediatric epilepsy [9,10], and is frequently associated with early seizure onset and neurological deficits [11]
Summary
Recurrent seizures affect more than 470,000 children and 3 million adults in the United States [1]. FCD: Focal Cortical Dysplasia; HS: Hippocampal Sclerosis; TLE: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; CA: Cornu Ammonis
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