Abstract
Food adulteration is a global concern and developing countries are at higher risk associated with it due to lack of monitoring and policies. However, this is one of the most common phenomena that has been overlooked in many countries. Unfortunately, in contrast to common belief, milk adulterants can pose serious health hazards leading to fatal diseases. This paper presents a detailed review of common milk adulterants as well as different methods to detect the adulterants both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study is organized to be an 'adulterant based' study instead of 'techniques based' one, where qualitative detection for most of the common adulterants are enlisted and quantitative detection methods are limited to few major adulterants of milk. Apart from regular techniques, recent development in these detection techniques have also been reported. Nowadays milk is being adulterated in more sophisticated ways that demands for cutting edge research for the detection of the adulterants. This review intends to contribute towards the common knowledge base regarding possible milk adulterants and their detection techniques.
Highlights
Milk and dairy product adulteration came into global concern after breakthrough of melamine contamination in Chinese infant milk products in 2008 (Xin & Stone, 2008)
Skimmed milk powder adulterated with soy, pea, brown rice and hydrolyzed wheat protein has been successfully isolated using Ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) (Jablonski et al 2014)
Conclusion financial gain is considered to be one of the major reasons for milk adulteration, inadequate supply for the increasing population all over the world has paved the ground for this as well. This problem is more acute in the developing and under developed countries due to lack of adequate monitoring and law enforcement
Summary
Milk and dairy product adulteration came into global concern after breakthrough of melamine contamination in Chinese infant milk products in 2008 (Xin & Stone, 2008). The ingestion of melamine at levels above the safety limit can induce renal failure and death in infants (Domingo, Tirelli, Nunes, Guerreiro, & Pinto, 2014) Both peroxides and detergents in milk can cause gastro-intestinal complications, which can lead to gastritis and inflammation of the intestine. Qualitative detection methods Qualitative detection of adulterants in milk are simple color based chemical reactions These can be performed in any Biosafety Level 1 Laboratory with availability of chemical reagents and necessary precautions. Some other mixed chemicals such as soap, detergents and coloring compounds are sometimes added to the milk to improve appearance. Skimmed milk powder adulterated with soy, pea, brown rice and hydrolyzed wheat protein has been successfully isolated using UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) (Jablonski et al 2014).
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