Abstract
Objective Research evidence suggests that vinegar may effectively reduce postprandial glucose in both healthy adults and those with type 2 diabetes. There is heightened consumer interest in commercially available vinegar tablets; however, it is not known whether these products lower postprandial glycemia to the same extent as liquid vinegar. This crossover trial examined the impact of liquid vinegar versus commercial vinegar tablet ingestion at the start of a meal on the 60-minute glucose excursion postmeal in healthy adults. Methods Twelve young men and women (22.6 ± 0.6 y; 21.2 ± 1.2 kg/m2) completed this 4-arm Latin square crossover trial. Testing was separated by one week and consisted of a test meal (64 g carbohydrate) consumed immediately following one of the four oral treatments: CON, 60 g water (control treatment); VIN, 25 g liquid vinegar (5% acidity; 1.25 g acetic acid) diluted with 35 g water; PILL, four vinegar tablets (1.50 g acetic acid) swallowed whole with 60 g water; and PILL-c, four crushed vinegar tablets dissolved in 60 g water. Capillary blood glucose was tested in the fasted state and at 30 and 60 minutes postmeal. Results The 60-minute glucose excursion varied significantly by treatment (iAUC: 4.9 ± 0.6, 3.4 ± 0.4, 4.9 ± 0.6, and 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol˖h/l for CON, VIN, PILL, and PILL-c, respectively; F (3, 33) = 3.037, p = 0.043; repeated measures ANOVA). Post hoc analysis revealed a 31% reduction in the glucose postmeal excursion for VIN in comparison to CON and PILL (p = 0.040 and p = 0.049, respectively). Conclusions These data suggest that commercial vinegar tablets taken whole at mealtime are not as effective as liquid vinegar for reducing the postmeal glucose excursion in young, healthy adults.
Highlights
Worldwide, diabetes represents the fastest growing chronic disease condition affecting over 460 million adults, including 20% of adults over 65 years of age [1]
Vinegar ingestion at mealtime alters postprandial glucose excursions, and recent reviews and meta-analyses suggest that vinegar may be a useful adjunct therapy for managing postprandial glycemia [3,4,5]. e latter metaanalysis pooled data from 11 trials and demonstrated a significant mean reduction in postprandial glycemia for the vinegar treatment compared to the control treatment (SMD −0.60, 95% CI −1.08 to −0.11, p 0.01)
Power calculations based on previous studies indicated that 10 participants would provide over 90% power to detect a 20% change in postprandial glycemia [17, 18]. e incremental area-under-the-curve was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. iAUC data were log transformed to normalize based on the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality, and pairwise treatment effects were examined using repeated measures ANOVA following a significant F-test
Summary
Research evidence suggests that vinegar may effectively reduce postprandial glucose in both healthy adults and those with type 2 diabetes. ere is heightened consumer interest in commercially available vinegar tablets; it is not known whether these products lower postprandial glycemia to the same extent as liquid vinegar. is crossover trial examined the impact of liquid vinegar versus commercial vinegar tablet ingestion at the start of a meal on the 60-minute glucose excursion postmeal in healthy adults. Research evidence suggests that vinegar may effectively reduce postprandial glucose in both healthy adults and those with type 2 diabetes. Ere is heightened consumer interest in commercially available vinegar tablets; it is not known whether these products lower postprandial glycemia to the same extent as liquid vinegar. Is crossover trial examined the impact of liquid vinegar versus commercial vinegar tablet ingestion at the start of a meal on the 60-minute glucose excursion postmeal in healthy adults. E 60-minute glucose excursion varied significantly by treatment (iAUC: 4.9 ± 0.6, 3.4 ± 0.4, 4.9 ± 0.6, and 4.1 ± 0.5 mmolh/l for CON, VIN, PILL, and PILL-c, respectively; F (3, 33) 3.037, p 0.043; repeated measures ANOVA). Ese data suggest that commercial vinegar tablets taken whole at mealtime are not as effective as liquid vinegar for reducing the postmeal glucose excursion in young, healthy adults Conclusions. ese data suggest that commercial vinegar tablets taken whole at mealtime are not as effective as liquid vinegar for reducing the postmeal glucose excursion in young, healthy adults
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