Abstract
Abstract Studies on nineteenth century photography have tended to concentrate on individual artists or specific groups, but the total number of photographers operating in any particular country has been a largely neglected area of research. Collecting reliable data is a problem. One method is to use directories, but this is time-consuming, and the chance of finding records that cover a whole country is remote. Moreover, city directories are notoriously unreliable and rarely up-to-date. Using membership lists from photographic associations would underestimate total numbers, for only relatively small numbers joined associations.
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