Abstract
With the passage of legislation such as the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), as well as amendments to the Historic Preservation Act and proposed revisions to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), it is increasingly clear that contract archaeologists and applied ethnographers must take into account Native American perceptions of significance when working on Indian lands or with Indian remains. This applies to both prehistoric sites and historic ones, as well as to the discovery, evaluation, and treatment of sacred places (including what Park Service Bulletin 38 refers to as "Traditional Cultural Properties"). It also applies off-reservation as well as on Indian lands. This changing legal environment will have a tremendous impact on the conduct of fieldwork for both ethnography and archaeology; the implications are only beginning to be understood.
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