Commentary: A surgeon's view of an engineer's data

Abstract

Central MessageEngineering studies may offer insight into optimal valve design.See Article page 60. Engineering studies may offer insight into optimal valve design. See Article page 60. All surgeons have experienced early bioprosthetic valve failure, in mostly anecdotal numbers, defining our personal opinions about the reliability and durability of specific bioprosthetic valves. In this issue of the Journal, Lee and colleagues1Lee J.H. Scotten L.N. Hunt R. Caranasos T.G. Vavalle J.P. Griffith B.E. Bioprosthetic aortic valve diameter and thickness are directly related to leaflet fluttering: results from a combined experimental and computational modeling study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2021; 6: 60-81Scopus (5) Google Scholar offer the perspective of an engineer on several factors that may impact bioprosthetic valve durability. This report is timely, given the significant increase in use of bioprosthetic valves driven by the desire to avoid anticoagulation and the appeal of transcatheter aortic valve replacement as an option at the time of valve failure.2Brown J.M. O'Brien S.M. Wu C. Sikora J.A. Griffith B.P. Gammie J.S. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons national database.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 137: 82-90Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar The last several decades have brought a rapidly expanding variety and complexity of bioprosthetic valves.3Rodriguez-Gabella T. Voisine P. Puri R. Pibarot P. Rodés-Cabau J. Aortic bioprosthetic valve durability: incidence, mechanisms, predictors, and management of surgical and transcatheter valve degeneration.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70: 1013-1028Crossref PubMed Scopus (153) Google Scholar We have stented valves with intact porcine valve tissue or constructed pericardial tissue. Stented valves include leaflets within the stent or leaflets wrapped around the stent, and stents are constructed of various materials and designs. There are stentless valves from human, porcine, and equine tissues. In response to the evolution of transcatheter valves, industry is turning out “sutureless” valves supported by a limited number of sutures, intended to reduce cross-clamp and pump times. Transcatheter valves are being developed at a rapid pace and approved with a variety of support structure and attachment systems that have in common some method of crimping the valve to fit through smaller vessels en route to the implant. All have in common the problem of durability. Data available on individual valves are often difficult for surgeons to consider as the definition of structural valve degeneration and the methods of defining the same are inconsistent.4Dvir D. Bourguignon T. Otto C.M. Hahn R.T. Rosenhek R. Webb J.G. et al.VIVID (Valve in Valve International Data) InvestigatorsStandardized definition of structural valve degeneration for surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic valves.Circulation. 2018; 137: 388-399Crossref PubMed Scopus (213) Google Scholar Ultimately, it takes years of postimplantation review to evaluate the durability and modes of failure for these valves. Lee and colleagues' report here is very interesting, but it offers little to help surgeons select valves currently on the market. Its real value is in the concept of assessing the structural design of manufactured bioprosthetic heart valves and how these designs impact function and durability. The methodology for evaluating structural behavior in vitro offers an appealing possibility for evaluating valve construct before clinical trials. We can only hope that studies like this will continue to expand, and that the information provided be available to and considered by the designers of bioprosthetic heart valves. Although building a creative valve to appeal to a broader market is an understandable objective of our industry partners, building a valve with better hemodynamic performance and longer durability is the real goal that we all seek. Bioprosthetic aortic valve diameter and thickness are directly related to leaflet fluttering: Results from a combined experimental and computational modeling studyJTCVS OpenVol. 6PreviewBioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) are commonly used in surgical and percutaneous valve replacement. The durability of percutaneous valve replacement is unknown, but surgical valves have been shown to require reintervention after 10 to 15 years. Further, smaller-diameter surgical BHVs generally experience higher rates of prosthesis–patient mismatch, which leads to higher rates of failure. Bioprosthetic aortic valves can flutter in systole, and fluttering is associated with fatigue and failure in flexible structures. Full-Text PDF Open Access