Commentary: A nano-sized step for man, a giant step for mankind?

Abstract

Central MessageNanobubble-oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid reduces inflammation and improves neurologic function in a rabbit model of spinal cord injury.See Article page 1 in the September 2020 issue. Nanobubble-oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid reduces inflammation and improves neurologic function in a rabbit model of spinal cord injury. See Article page 1 in the September 2020 issue. Naganuma and colleagues1Naganuma M. Saiki Y. Kanda K. Akiyama M. Adachi O. Horii A. et al.Nanobubble technology to treat spinal cord ischemic injury.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Open. 2020; 3: 1-11Google Scholar present a unique and novel technique to mitigate spinal cord injury (SPI) using nanobubble technology to oxygenate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), administered via intrathecal microcatheter infusion. Using a validated rabbit model of SCI involving 15 minutes of infrarenal aorta occlusion, animals were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) sham procedure group (n = 5), with microcatheter placement and 5 seconds of aortic occlusion; (2) ischemia only group (n = 5), with microcatheter placement and 15 minutes of aortic occlusion; (3) nonoxygenated ischemia group (n = 5), with 15 minutes of aortic occlusion followed by microcatheter infusion of nonoxygenated CSF; and (4) oxygenated ischemia group (n = 5), with 15 minutes of aortic occlusion followed by microcatheter infusion of oxygenated CSF. Artificial CSF infusion was initiated 15 minutes after aortic occlusion and lasted 60 minutes. Partial pressure of oxygen in CSF (CSF-PO2) was assessed during the procedure. At 48 hours, a neurologic evaluation was performed for hind limb function, and the animals were euthanized for histological spinal cord analysis by a blinded pathologist. The authors report that after ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxygenated artificial CSF generated higher CSF-PO2 and improved neurologic function compared with ischemia alone or unoxygenated artificial CSF. Furthermore, oxygenated CSF infusion downregulated expression of neuronal inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF, and IL-1. The authors should be complimented for this innovative strategy of applying nanotechnology to generate oxygenated CSF that improves neurologic function after SPI and elucidating a potential mechanism of action via decreasing spinal cord inflammation. SCI remains a devastating complication of surgical intervention for distal aortic pathology. Various perioperative and intraoperative interventions have been described as protective measures to decrease the incidence of SCI; these include the use of CSF drainage and permissive hypertension,2Coselli J.S. LeMaire S.A. Koksoy C. Schmitling Z.C. Curling P.E. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage reduces paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: results of a randomized clinical trial.J Vasc Surg. 2002; 35: 631-639Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (471) Google Scholar systemic hypothermia with distal aortic perfusion using left heart bypass or partial cardiopulmonary bypass,3Estera A.L. Miller C.C. Chen E.P. Meada R. Torres R.H. Porat E.E. et al.Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair: 12 year experience using distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage.Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 80: 1290-1296Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar and reimplantation of large segmental blood vessels (intercostal and lumbar arteries). Preservation of nonsegmental blood vessels (subclavian and hypogastric arteries) is being increasingly recognized as critical to maintaining spinal cord circulation during endovascular aortic repair.4Eagleton M.J. Shah S. Petkosevek D. Mastracci T.M. Greenberg R.K. Hypogastric and subclavian artery patency affects onset and recovery of spinal cord ischemia associated with aortic endografting.J Vasc Surg. 2014; 59: 89-95Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar In addition, the development of a collateral network of spinal cord circulation (via staged procedures or preliminary occlusion of segmental arteries before repair) has emerged as an important concept to mitigate SCI.5Griepp R.B. Griepp E.B. Spinal cord protection in surgical and endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic disease.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015; 149: S86-S90Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar Despite these advancements, however, paraplegia rates continue to range from roughly 2% to 13%, and more innovative therapies are needed to prevent these catastrophic complications. Two important questions remain regarding the safety of spinal canal irrigation with artificial CSF and the potential for increasing intrathecal pressure. Introducing a foreign substance into the spinal canal during an already vulnerable ischemic state is suboptimal owing to the risk of infection, and additional studies are needed before clinical application. Artificial CSF infusion into the spinal canal will inevitably increase spinal cord pressure and ischemia, requiring more innate CSF drainage to allow for infusion of the artificial CSF. The safety profile of oxygenated artificial CSF also merits further investigation. We congratulate the authors on this well-designed study and look forward to future studies applying nanobubble technology for the treatment of SCI. Nanobubble technology to treat spinal cord ischemic injuryJTCVS OpenVol. 3PreviewSpinal cord ischemic injury is a severe complication of aortic surgery. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxygenation with nanobubbles after reperfusion could ameliorate spinal cord ischemic injury. Full-Text PDF Open Access