Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Wake meandering studies require knowledge of the instantaneous wake evolution. Scanning lidar data are used to identify the wind flow behind offshore wind turbines but do not immediately reveal the wake edges and centerline. The precise wake identification helps to build models predicting wake behavior. The conventional Gaussian fit methods are reliable in the near-wake area but lose precision with distance from the rotor and require good data resolution for an accurate fit. The thresholding methods, i.e., selection of a threshold that splits the data into background flow and wake, usually imply a fixed value or manual estimation, which hinders the wake identification on a large data set. We propose an automatic thresholding method for the wake shape and centerline detection, which is less dependent on the data resolution and quality and can also be applied to the image data. We show that the method performs reasonably well on large-eddy simulation data and apply it to the data set containing lidar measurements of the two wakes. Along with the wake identification, we use image processing statistics, such as entropy analysis, to filter and classify lidar scans. The automatic thresholding method and the subsequent centerline search algorithm are developed to reduce dependency on the supplementary data such as free-flow wind speed and direction. We focus on the technical aspect of the method and show that the wake shape and centerline found from the thresholded data are in a good agreement with the manually detected centerline and the Gaussian fit method. We also briefly discuss a potential application of the method to separate the near and far wakes and to estimate the wake direction.
Highlights
A wake is a complex dynamic structure forming behind a wind turbine due to the kinetic energy extraction from the incoming wind flow
The Adaptive Thresholding Segmentation method (ATS) method detects a continuous structure in the near wake, while the far wake is represented as series of small dis360 connected structures (Fig. 11c)
We proposed an automatic thresholding method for the wake detection based on the image processing method for the whitecaps detection on the ocean surface
Summary
A wake is a complex dynamic structure forming behind a wind turbine due to the kinetic energy extraction from the incoming wind flow. The wake region is characterized by the decreased wind speed and the increased turbulence intensity. The relative velocity deficit rapidly decreases to 20% at the downstream distance of five rotor diameters (5D). The recovery to the free flow is considerably slowed down; at the same time, the wake width increases up to 3D according to in situ 20 observations (Aitken et al (2014)). The typical turbine spacing in the wind farms is usually 8D, the optimal spacing is estimated to be higher in order to reduce the wake effect on downstream turbines (Meyers and Meneveau (2012); Stevens (2016)).
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