Comment on “Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere: Sea surface connection” by Karen H. Rosenlof and George C. Reid

Abstract

[1] A recent article by Rosenlof and Reid [2008] (hereinafter referred to as RR08) examines the relationship in the tropics between long-term cooling in the stratosphere and warming of the sea surface, with special emphasis in the western Pacific. In the stratosphere, radiosonde observations seem to show that most of the cooling took place since the mid-1990s, apparently coincident to a considerable extent with an increase in the rate of warming of sea surface temperatures (SSTs). A link was proposed by RR08 whereby the increase in SSTs leads to enhanced convection, which is responsible, dynamically, for cooling in the stratosphere. [2] The stratospheric analyses of RR08 rely considerably on tropical radiosonde observations, particularly those from several island stations in the western tropical Pacific. There is extensive evidence that the long-term variation in worldwide radiosonde temperatures is affected critically by inhomogeneities introduced through changes in instruments and measurement practices [e.g., Gaffen, 1994; Gaffen et al., 2000; Lanzante et al . , 2003a, 2003b; Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), 2006], a fact which is acknowledged by RR08. However, they minimize the importance of any such inhomogeneities in the six stations located in the ‘‘warm pool’’ region which they employ [RR08, paragraph 10]: ‘‘However, for our analysis, and in particular for changes noted post-1990, these discontinuities are not sufficient to preclude the use of these stations.’’ The purpose of this comment is to demonstrate that in fact such discontinuities are present, post-1990, and critically affect the evaluation of stratospheric temperatures made by RR08. [3] In their Figures 2, 3, and 5, RR08 display temperature time series for several levels in the lower stratosphere for the four stations located in the heart of the western Pacific warm pool. They note that while most of the earlier part of the records show little long-term trend, a pronounced cooling is seen for about the last 10 years of the record ( 1995–2005). Furthermore, they note an abrupt rise in temperature in early 1999 that lasts for about 2 years. As further evidence to bolster their findings, they note [RR08, paragraph 12] the similarity of the time series from the different stations: ‘‘. . . the overall similarity of the time series in Figure 2 shows that the assumption of homogeneity over the warm pool region is reasonable.’’ Unfortunately, there is considerable evidence to dispute the veracity of these claims. [4] The apparent substantial cooling during the final 10 years of the record can be explained largely by a change in radiosonde instrument type, specifically the transition from Viz to Vaisala, hereafter referred to as the VVT. Abrupt cooling upon introduction of Vaisala radiosondes was noted by Parker et al. [1997] for stations in Australia and New Zealand in the mid to late 1980s, and for U.S. controlled tropical Pacific stations beginning in 1995 [Stendel et al., 2000]. More generally, there has been a systematic worldwide change to Vaisala radiosondes since the 1980s with an expected artificial cooling, especially in the stratosphere [Lanzante et al., 2003a; Christy et al., 2003; CCSP, 2006] (see also Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) station history metadata available at http:// www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/igra/igra-metadata.txt). [5] The IGRA metadata indicate that the VVT occurs in November or December 1995 for five of the six stations shown in Figure 1 of RR08 (Lihue, Truk, Koror, Yap, and Pago Pago). The literature cited above suggests that the major part of the drop in stratospheric temperature after 1995 (as seen quite clearly in Figure 5 of RR08) is almost certainly artificial. To further illustrate this point, Figure 1a shows several time series of stratospheric temperatures at Koror. The thick black curve is based on the IGRA data [Durre et al., 2006], which were used by RR08. Note that the IGRA data, although of very high quality (i.e., they have been carefully checked for consistency in time and in the vertical, random errors and outliers, as well as duplicate soundings, etc.), have not been adjusted to account for artificial inhomogeneities. A number of teams have produced adjusted radiosonde temperature time series, each using a different homogenization method. Also shown in Figure 1a are corresponding adjusted time series (HadAT2) [Thorne et al., 2005], RATPAC [Free et al., 2005], IUK [Sherwood et al., 2008], RAOBCORE 1.4 [Haimberger et al., 2008], and RICH [Haimberger et al., 2008] produced by these teams. In comparing the IGRA with the various adjusted time series in Figure 1a it is seen that the adjusted versions all show much less long-term cooling, as indicated by the accompanying trend lines. A closer look at Figure 1a reveals that most of the difference is attributable to the transition across 1995. The adjusted time series shows a JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, D12104, doi:10.1029/2008JD010542, 2009 Click Here for Full Article