Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> To investigate the mechanical properties of sea ice in the current summer Arctic, two ice blocks were lifted using ship crane during an Arctic expedition in the summer of 2021. Examination of ice crystal structure showed a granular ice layer at the top underlain by a columnar ice layer. Sea ice samples were then machined from the ice blocks for mechanical experiments performed in the laboratory. Three-point bending tests were conducted at ice temperatures of −12 to −3 ºC, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted at ice temperatures of −8 to −3 ºC with a strain rate range of 10<sup>−6</sup>–10<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The ice density and salinity of each sample were measured to determine brine and gas volume fraction as well as porosity. Results showed that sea ice flexural strength decreased with increasing porosity, but did not change with varying brine or gas volume fractions. A parameterization was proposed to relate sea ice flexural strength to porosity. The sea ice strain modulus was also independent on porosity and volume fractions of gas and brine. The uniaxial compressive strength decreased with increasing porosity at both ductile and brittle strain rate regimes. Furthermore, three-dimensional surfaces were obtained to depict the sea ice uniaxial compressive strength varying with porosity and strain rate, based on which the transition strain rate from ductile to brittle behaviors was determined. It was found that the transition strain rate decreased with increasing porosity. Comparisons with previous studies on sea ice strength showed that the previously reported equations for sea ice flexural strength and strain modulus did not agree with the measured data. Compared with the strength calculated using early reported sea ice porosity, the flexural strength and uniaxial compressive strength of summer Arctic sea ice decreased in recent decades, which probably brings positive feedback to the Arctic navigation.
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