Abstract
After the eruption of volcanoes all over the world the monitoring of the dispersion of ash in the atmosphere is an important task for satellite remote sensing since ash represents a threat to air traffic. In this work we present a novel method that uses thermal observations of the SEVIRI imager aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellite to detect ash clouds and determine their mass column concentration and top height during day and night. This approach requires the compilation of an extensive data set of synthetic SEVIRI observations to train an artificial neural network. This is done by means of the RTSIM tool that combines atmospheric, surface and ash properties and runs automatically a large number of radiative transfer calculations for the entire SEVIRI disk. The resulting algorithm is called VADUGS (Volcanic Ash Detection Using Geostationary Satellites) and has been evaluated against independent radiative transfer simulations. VADUGS detects ash contaminated pixels with a probability of detection of 0.84 and a false alarm rate of 0.05. Ash column concentrations are provided by VADUGS with correlations up to 0.5, a scatter up to 0.6 g m−2 for concentrations smaller than 2.0 g m−2 and small overestimations in the range 5–50 % for moderate viewing angles 35–65°, but up to 300 % for satellite viewing zenith angles close to 90° or 0°. Ash top heights are mainly underestimated, with the smallest underestimation of −9 % for viewing zenith angles between 40° and 50°. Absolute errors are smaller than 70 % and with high correlation coefficients up to 0.7 for ash clouds with high mass column concentrations. A comparison against spaceborne lidar observations by CALIPSO/CALIOPconfirms these results. VADUGS is run operationally at the German Weather Service and this application is presented as well.
Highlights
Volcanic ash is a threat for air traffic, as it can damage aircraft engines and lead to flame-outs, see e.g. Miller and Casadevall (2000)
It states that the brightness temperature difference brightness temperatures (BTs) D(λ1 − λ2) between the SEVIRI channel centred at λ1 = 10.8 μm and the SEVIRI 30 channel centred at λ2 = 12.0 μm has the opposite sign as the same BTD for ice clouds, enabling the identification of volcanic ash contaminated pixels
The probability of detection (POD) and the false alarm rate (FAR) are used as validation metrics to assess the accuracy of the detection performance of VADUGS, i.e. of volcanic ash cover (VAC), while the mean percentage error and mean absolute percentage error are used to measure the accuracy of volcanic ash top height (VATH) and volcanic ash mass column concentration (VAMC)
Summary
Volcanic ash is a threat for air traffic, as it can damage aircraft engines and lead to flame-outs, see e.g. Miller and Casadevall (2000). The resulting algorithm, called VADUGS (Volcanic Ash Detection Using Geostationary Satellites), is presented in this manuscript It has been developed in the aftermath of the impressive eruption of the Icelandic Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 according to the. Experience gathered with ice clouds in Kox et al (2014) and with particular focus on this eruption It was developed for the 50 investigation of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and for the detection of future Eyjafjallajökull-like eruptions that might have similar impacts on airtraffic over Europe as the 2010 event.
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