Abstract
The eastern Yellow Sea meteotsunami occurrences between 2010 and 2019 and guidelines derived using favourable conditions of pressure disturbance (10 min rate of air pressure change) for meteotsunami generation are described. A total of 34 meteotsunami events over the past decade can be classified based on a current meteotsunami monitoring and observation system. 1 min intervals of mean sea level pressure and sea level observations from 89 meteorological stations and 16 tide gauges are analysed. Most of the classified meteotsunami events (76 %, 26/34) in the eastern Yellow Sea are found to be between February and June during the winter-to-summer transition, which shows a strong seasonal trend. The meteotsunami occurrences are spatially frequent at the DaeHeuksando (DH) tide gauge, known as a beacon tide gauge of the observation system. It appears that the specific characteristics (intensity, occurrence rate, and propagation) of the pressure disturbance are in common on extreme meteotsunami events that are classified by applying the hazardous meteotsunami conditions among the 34 events. For a risk level assessment of the eastern Yellow Sea meteotsunami occurrences, favourable conditions of the pressure disturbance for meteotsunami generation are utilized. Overall, this study can provide useful and practical guidelines such as operation period, potential hot spot, and risk level to monitoring system operators when operating the monitoring system of the Yellow Sea.
Highlights
Monitoring high-frequency sea level oscillations is important issues for warning system operators and policymakers (Šepić et al, 2015a) as frequent coastal floods have been reported from coastal communities (Vilibić et al, 2014)
Occurrences per year could not be found in this study, but the causes that were occasionally concentrated in the specific year (Fig. 6a) may be related to the climate variability (Vilibić et al, 2018). 76% of the classified meteotsunami events (26/34) were concentrated primarily between February and June, during the winter-to-summer transition (Fig. 6b)
The seasonal patterns in meteotsunami occurrence in the eastern Yellow Sea were similar to Lake Michigan (Bechle et al, 2015), and the peak meteotsunami seasonality in the Mediterranean is found to be between June and August (Rabinovich and Monserrat, 1996; Šepić et al, 2009a; Šepić et al, 2012)
Summary
Monitoring high-frequency sea level oscillations is important issues for warning system operators and policymakers (Šepić et al, 2015a) as frequent coastal floods have been reported from coastal communities (Vilibić et al, 2014). With a similar phase relationship and spatial scale to the meteotsunamis, significant pressure disturbances (rate of pressure change of 1.7–4.8 hPa/10 min) propagated to multiple meteorological stations (Eom et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2019) It was the 40 event that occurred with the strongest intensity in the largest area of the meteotsunami events reported in the Yellow Sea so far, and if there was any meteotsunami monitoring system, the damage could be reduced. In 85 particular, these results can be used as guidelines and recommendations when operating the real-time monitoring system: (i) operation period; (ii) potential hot spot; and (iii) risk levels of meteotsunami occurrence based on the characteristics of pressure disturbance
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