Abstract
Numerical models are needed for evaluating aerosol processes in the atmosphere in state-of-the-art chemical transport models, urban-scale dispersion models and climatic models. This article describes a publicly available aerosol dynamics model MAFOR (Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation model; version 2.0); we address the main structure of the model, including the types of operation and the treatments of the aerosol processes. The main advantage of MAFOR v2.0 is the consistent treatment of both the mass- and number-based concentrations of particulate matter. An evaluation of the model is also presented, against a high-resolution observational dataset in a street canyon located in the centre of Helsinki (Finland) during an afternoon traffic rush hour on 13 December 2010. The experimental data included measurements at different locations in the street canyon of ultrafine particles, black carbon, and fine particulate mass PM1. This evaluation has also included an intercomparison with the corresponding predictions of two other prominent aerosol dynamics models, AEROFOR and SALSA. All three models fairly well simulated the decrease of the measured total particle number concentrations with increasing distance from the vehicular emission source. The MAFOR model reproduced the evolution of the observed particle number size distributions more accurately than the other two models. The MAFOR model also predicted the variation of the concentration of PM1 better than the SALSA model. We also analysed the relative importance of various aerosol processes based on the predictions of the three models. As expected, atmospheric dilution dominated over other processes; dry deposition was the second most significant process. Numerical sensitivity tests with the MAFOR model revealed that the uncertainties associated with the properties of the condensing organic vapours affected only the size range of particles smaller than 10 nm in diameter. These uncertainties do not therefore affect significantly the predictions of the whole of the number size distribution and the total number concentration. The MAFOR model version 2 is well documented and versatile to use, providing a range of alternative parametrizations for various aerosol processes. The model includes an efficient numerical integration of particle number and mass concentrations, an operator-splitting of processes, and the use of a fixed sectional method. The model could be used as a module in various atmospheric and climatic models.
Highlights
Urban environments can contain high concentrations of aerosol particle numbers as a result of the emissions from local sources, most frequently vehicular traffic (Meskhidze et al, 2019), ship traffic (Pirjola et al, 2014), airports (Zhang et al, 2020), industrial emissions (Keuken et al, 2015) or from all of these sources (Kukkonen et al, 2016)
The model performance of MAFOR version 2 was evaluated in terms of total particle number, number size distributions, total particulate matter and composition, by comparison against experimental data and against results from two other aerosol dynamics models in an urban environment
The focus of the model evaluation lies on the analysis of aerosol processes that are relevant in urban environments
Summary
Urban environments can contain high concentrations of aerosol particle numbers as a result of the emissions from local sources, most frequently vehicular traffic (Meskhidze et al, 2019), ship traffic (Pirjola et al, 2014), airports (Zhang et al, 2020), industrial emissions (Keuken et al, 2015) or from all of these sources (Kukkonen et al, 2016). The majority of the urban aerosol particles – in terms of number concentration – are ultrafine particles (UFP), having aerodynamic diameters less than 100 nm 10 (e.g., Morawska et al, 2008). UFPs exhibit high deposition efficiency, large active surface area and are often associated with toxic contaminants, such as transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other particle-bound organic compounds (Bakand et al, 2012). Owing to their small size, inhaled UFPs can penetrate deep in the human lungs, deposit in the lung epithelium and translocate to other organs.
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