Abstract

This paper presents the first Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) dedicated products over the Baltic Sea. The SSS retrieval from L-band brightess temperature (TB) measurements over this basin is really challenging due to important technical issues, such as the land-sea and ice-sea contamination, the high contamination by Radio-Frequency Interferences (RFI) sources, the low sensitivity of L-band TB at SSS changes in cold waters and the poor characterization of dielectric constant models for the low SSS and SST ranges in the basin. For these reasons, exploratory research in the algorithms used from the level 0 up to level 4 has been required to develop these dedicated products. This work has been performed in the framework of the European Space Agency regional initiative Baltic+ Salinity Dynamics. Two Baltic+ SSS products have been generated for the period 2011–2019 and are freely distributed: the Level 3 (L3) product (daily generated 9-day maps in a 0.25° grid, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/13859) (González-Gambau et al., 2021a) and the Level 4 (L4) product (daily maps in a 0.05° grid, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/13860) (González-Gambau et al., 2021b)), that are computed by applying multifractal fusion to L3 SSS with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) maps. The accuracy of L3 SSS products is typically around 0.7–0.8 psu. The L4 product has an improved spatio-temporal resolution with respect to the L3 and the accuracy is typically around 0.4 psu. Regions with the highest errors and limited coverage are located in Arkona and Bornholm basins and Gulfs of Finland and Riga. The impact assessment of Baltic+ SSS products has shown that they can help in the understanding of salinity dynamics in the basin. They complement the temporally and spatially very sparse in situ measurements, covering data gaps in the region and they can also be useful for the validation of numerical models, particularly in areas where in situ data are very sparse.

Highlights

  • 20 The Baltic Sea is a strongly stratified semi-enclosed sea with a large freshwater supply from rivers, net precipitation and water exchange and high-saline water from the North Sea through the Danish Straits

  • The Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) retrieval from L-band brightess temperature (TB) measurements over this basin is really challenging due to important technical issues, such as the land-sea and ice-sea contamination, the high contamination by Radio-Frequency 5 Interferences (RFI) sources, the low sensitivity of L-band TB at SSS changes in cold waters and the poor characterization of dielectric constant models for the low SSS and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ranges in the basin

  • Complex oceanographic conditions within the Baltic Sea are a challenge for oceanographic models and, for example, the salinity dynamics cannot be comprehensively simulated by the present model systems (e.g. Meier et al, 2006; Hordoir et al, 2019; Lehmann et al, 2021)

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Summary

Introduction

20 The Baltic Sea is a strongly stratified semi-enclosed sea with a large freshwater supply from rivers, net precipitation and water exchange and high-saline water from the North Sea through the Danish Straits. The water exchange in the Danish Straits is. The depth of the Baltic Sea is very shallow (54 m in average), which yields to highly variable ocean dynamics mainly controlled by local atmospheric forcing (Leppäranta and Myrberg, 2009). The bottom water in the sub-basins is mainly ventilated by major Baltic saltwater 25 inflows (Matthäus and Franck, 1992; Fischer and Matthäus, 1996). Complex oceanographic conditions within the Baltic Sea are a challenge for oceanographic models and, for example, the salinity dynamics cannot be comprehensively simulated by the present model systems (e.g. Meier et al, 2006; Hordoir et al, 2019; Lehmann et al, 2021). Additional satellite data is 30 crucial to improve the performance of the Baltic Sea models

Methods
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Conclusion

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