Abstract
The increased warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region makes it a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple CMIP5 and CMIP6 historical and scenario simulations to quantify the impacts of the already changing climate in the region. In particular, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation during the 21st century following scenarios RCP2.6, SSP1-2.6, RCP4.5, SSP2-4.5, RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5, as well as the HighResMIP high resolution experiments. A model weighting scheme is applied to obtain constrained estimates of projected changes, which accounts for historical model performance and inter-independence of the multi-model ensembles, using an observational ensemble as reference. Results indicate a robust and significant warming over the Mediterranean region along the 21st century over all seasons, ensembles and experiments. The Mediterranean amplified warming with respect to the global mean is mainly found during summer. The temperature changes vary between CMIPs, being CMIP6 the ensemble that projects a stronger warming. Contrarily to temperature projections, precipitation changes show greater uncertainties and spatial heterogeneity. However, a robust and significant precipitation decline is projected over large parts of the region during summer for the high emission scenario. While there is less disagreement in projected precipitation between CMIP5 and CMIP6, the latter shows larger precipitation declines in some regions. Results obtained from the model weighting scheme indicate increases in CMIP5 and reductions in CMIP6 warming trends, thereby reducing the distance between both multi-model ensembles.
Highlights
The Mediterranean region (10o W, 40o E, 30o N, 45o N) (Iturbide et al, 2020) is located between the arid and warm NorthAfrican climate and the humid and mild European continental climate (Cramer et al, 2018)
Apart from the figures displayed and the supplementary material, additional ones generated during the study can be found in a shiny app in the following link https://earth.bsc.es/shiny/medprojections-shiny_app/
While projections agree on a precipitation increase in the 30o N-45o N latitudinal belt for the long-term period (Lionello and Scarascia, 2018), the Mediterranean region shows precipitation decreases
Summary
The Mediterranean region (10o W, 40o E, 30o N, 45o N) (Iturbide et al, 2020) is located between the arid and warm NorthAfrican climate and the humid and mild European continental climate (Cramer et al, 2018). The influence of the surrounding oceans, their interaction with the land surface and the general atmospheric circulation characteristics in mid-latitudes partly explain the contrast between these climates (Boé and Terray, 2014). 20 Global warming is not homogeneous, and Lionello and Scarascia (2018) suggest that the Mediterranean region is a climate change hotspot. Adaptation to the changing climate threats is paramount to the countries located around the Mediterranean Sea (Gleick, 2014; Cramer et al, 2018), which live in a complex and diverse socioeconomic situation and have severe vulnerabilities to climate change and variability (Barros et al, 2014).
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