Abstract
Doppler wind lidar (DWL) has been shown to obtain fairly accurate wind speeds in normal wind conditions. However, the evaluation of DWL winds under typhoon conditions is less common. This study evaluated the accuracy of wind data measured by two types of DWLs (WindPrint S4000 and WindCube V2), and investigated the impact of factors (e.g., precipitation and humidity) on the DWL-observed wind speed and direction. Data were collected from joint observations in Baoshan, Zhoushan and Taizhou (China) by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute during the passage of Super Typhoon Lekima in 2019. The DWL observations were compared with measured data from balloon-borne radiosonde released at the same location. The results showed that the 1-min average wind speed and direction of WindPrint S4000 were more consistent with the instantaneous observation data of the sounding balloon than those of WindCube V2. The applicability of DWL was poor when the precipitation intensity was larger than 50 mm · h−1. The DWL wind speed bias significantly increased when the relative humidity exceeded 85 %. When the drift distance of the sounding balloon (ldrift) was less than 1 km, the DWL wind speed bias decreased with an increase of ldrift, whereas it increased with an increase of ldrift when the drift exceeded 1.5 km. Within a radius of 700 km, the root mean square of wind speeds between DWL and sounding balloon measurements showed a trend of increasing as the distance from the typhoon center decreased.
Highlights
This study evaluated the accuracy of wind data measured by two types of Doppler wind lidar (DWL) (WindPrint S4000 and WindCube V2), and investigated the impact of factors (e.g., 10 precipitation and humidity) on the DWL-observed wind speed and direction
When the drift distance of the sounding balloon was less than 1 km, the DWL wind speed bias decreased with an increase of ldrift, whereas it increased with an increase of ldrift when the drift exceeded 1.5 km
Based on joint observations during Super Typhoon Lekima in 2019 conducted by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration, this study reports on the first simultaneous typhoon observations with DWL and sounding 85 balloons in China which were carried out at three observation locations—Baoshan, Zhoushan and Taizhou
Summary
Typhoons are the most disastrous weather phenomenon in Southeast China. The boundary layer of a typhoon has been long recognized to be an important feature of the storm as it strongly constrains the distribution of energy, momentum and moisture in this region (Smith and Montgomery, 2010). Typhoon winds, especially in the boundary layer, have been 25 the least observed part of a typhoon until now (Zhang et al, 2018). Traditional typhoon wind observation instruments such as anemometers, sounding balloons and Doppler wind profiler radar (WPR) have many limitations for measuring typhoon winds with high spatial and temporal resolution. Discussion started: 4 March 2021 c Author(s) 2021.
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