Abstract
At SMEAR II research station in Hyytiälä, located in the Finnish boreal forest, the process of new particle formation and the role of ions has been investigated for almost 20 years near the ground and at canopy level. However, above SMEAR II, the vertical distribution and diurnal variation of these different atmospheric ions are poorly characterized. In this study, we assess the atmospheric ion composition in the stable boundary layer, residual layer, mixing layer and free troposphere, and the 5 evolution of these atmospheric ions due to photochemistry and turbulent mixing through the day. To measure the vertical profile of atmospheric ions, we developed a tailored setup for online mass spectrometric measurements, capable of being deployed in a Cessna 172 with minimal modifications. Simultaneously, instruments dedicated to aerosol properties measured in a second Cessna. We conducted a total of 16 measurement flights in May 2017, during the spring, which is the most active new particle formation season. A flight day typically consisted of three distinct flights through the day (dawn, morning and afternoon) to 10 observe the diurnal variation and at different altitudes (from 100 m to 3200 m above ground), and to capture the boundary layer development from stable boundary layer, residual layer to mixing layer, and the free troposphere. Our observations showed that the ion composition is distinctly different in each layer and depends on the air mass origin and time of the day. Before sunrise, the layers are separated from each other and have their own ion chemistry. We observed that the ions present within the stable layer are of the same composition as the ions measured at the canopy level. During daytime when the mixing layer evolved and the compounds are vertically mixed, we observed that highly oxidised organic molecules are distributed to the top of the boundary layer. The ion composition in the residual layer varies with each day, showing similarities with either the stable boundary layer or the free troposphere. Finally, within the free troposphere, we detected a variety of carboxylic acids and ions that are likely containing halogens, originating from the Arctic Sea.
Highlights
20 Atmospheric ions have been a subject of research for many decades (Hõrrak et al, 1994; Tammet, 1995; Hirsikko et al, 2011, and references therein)
Our goals are firstly to map the differences of atmospheric ions between the stable boundary layer, 90 residual layer, mixing layer and free troposphere, and secondly, to explore how the character of atmospheric ions changes with photochemistry and turbulent mixing condition during daytime, and how this influences the vertical distribution of ions within the boundary layer, and thirdly to probe for possible ions precursors of new particle formation (NPF) within the boundary layer and free troposphere
A new tailored flying APi-TOF mass spectrometer was deployed in a Cessna 172 aircraft to measure the vertical profiles of atmospheric ions above the boreal forest at the Station for Measuring Ecosystem Atmospheric Relations (SMEAR) II station, covering the stable boundary layer (SBL), residual layer (RL), mixed layer (ML) and free troposphere (FT)
Summary
20 Atmospheric ions have been a subject of research for many decades (Hõrrak et al, 1994; Tammet, 1995; Hirsikko et al, 2011, and references therein). The term ‘atmospheric ion’ includes molecular ions and ion clusters. Ion clusters are composed of a neutral molecule or molecular cluster attached to a molecular ion. Ions are primarily produced via galactic cosmic ray interaction with the atmosphere, while closer to the ground, radon decay and gamma radiation from soil are the main sources of ions (Israël, 1970). The primarily formed ions, such as N+2 , O+2 and e−, quickly
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