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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic Neisseria parallels reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in commensal Neisseria in certain populations, like men who have sex with men (MSM). Although this reduced susceptibility can be a consequence of frequent antimicrobial exposure at the individual level, we hypothesized that commensal Neisseria are transmitted between sexual partners. We used data from a 2014 microbiome study in which saliva and tongue swabs were taken from 21 couples (42 individuals). Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We compared intimate partners with unrelated individuals and found that the oral Neisseria communities of intimate partners were more similar than those of unrelated individuals (average Morisita–Horn dissimilarity index for saliva samples: 0.54 versus 0.71, respectively (p = 0.005); and for tongue swabs: 0.42 versus 0.63, respectively (p = 0.006)). This similarity presumably results from transmission of oral Neisseria through intimate kissing. This finding suggests that intensive gonorrhea screening in MSM may, via increased antimicrobial exposure, promote, rather than prevent, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria. Non-antibiotic strategies such as vaccines and oral antiseptics could prove more sustainable options to reduce gonococcal prevalence.
Highlights
Neisseria gonorrhoeae has rapidly acquired resistance to all antimicrobials used to treat it, and there is a real risk that it may be untreatable in the near future [1]
The genus Neisseria is one of the three most abundant phyla in the human oral microbiome [2], with almost all individuals being colonized with at least one Neisseria species [3]. This high prevalence, in combination with extensive antimicrobial exposure, is thought to explain the extensive antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal Neisseria that has been found in certain populations, like cohorts of men who have sex with men (MSM) [4] and that has played an important role in the genesis of AMR in
We compared the results from the entire range of 3000 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with those from the 66 OTUs which represent members of the genus Neisseria
Summary
Neisseria gonorrhoeae has rapidly acquired resistance to all antimicrobials used to treat it, and there is a real risk that it may be untreatable in the near future [1]. The genus Neisseria is one of the three most abundant phyla in the human oral microbiome [2], with almost all individuals being colonized with at least one Neisseria species [3] This high prevalence, in combination with extensive antimicrobial exposure, is thought to explain the extensive AMR in commensal Neisseria that has been found in certain populations, like cohorts of men who have sex with men (MSM) [4] and that has played an important role in the genesis of AMR in. If resistant commensal Neisseria were sexually transmitted, this would be important to take into consideration This would be important if these commensals could be transferred via highly prevalent activities such as tongue kissing.
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